Our specialists are conducting work on creating a space-based space surveillance system together with NPO Lavochkin under the leadership of MAK Vympel. One of our recent projects is to develop a small-size star tracker for space systems developed by KB Tochmash.
Fascinating stuff, and great work piecing all this together. I can think of two possibilities:1) 14F150 is the tracking/targeting system and Burevestnik is the offensive weapon component (similar to the role Okno played in the Cold War-era ASAT programs)2) Burevestnik is the program to weaponize the RPO technologies demonstrated by Cosmos 2499, 2504, etcBart, does there seem to be any programmatic links between those RPO missions and either Burevestnik or 14F150?
Реконструкция сооружений под размещение изделия 14К168 ОКР «Буревесник» г. Мирный Архангельская область Строителство технической позиции под размещение изделия 14К168 г. Тамбов Реконструкция сооружений под размещение изделия 14К168 ОКР «Буревесник» г. Мирный Архангельская область Строителство технической позиции под размещение изделия 14К168 п. Дуброво Московская область
- Reconstruction of buildings to house product 14K168, OKR Burevestnik, town of Mirnyy, Arkhangelsk province- Construction of a technical position to house product 14K168, town of Tambov- Reconstruction of buildings to house product 14K168, OKR Burevestnik, town of Mirnyy, Arkhangelsk province- Construction of a technical position to house product 14K168, village of Dubrovo, Moscow region
- Предмет договора : МТР (отопительное оборудование)- Объект строительства: Строительство (реконструкция) зданий и сооружений объекта 3006М (н.п. Ногинск-9) под размещение сегмента информационного обеспечения в рамках ОКР «Нивелир», «Буревестник», шифр объекта 1009/5, по адресу: Московская область, Ногинский район, п. Ногинск-9, в/ч 28289.
More contracts related to the construction of the 1009/5 facility in Noginsk-9 appeared on the zakupki.gov.ru website early this month. As explained earlier in this thread, 1009/5 has been described as an “information support segment” for the Nivelir and Burevestnik projects.The new contracts are here:http://zakupki.gov.ru/223/purchase/public/purchase/info/common-info.html?regNumber=31806966958http://zakupki.gov.ru/223/purchase/public/purchase/info/common-info.html?regNumber=31806979669http://zakupki.gov.ru/223/purchase/public/purchase/info/common-info.html?regNumber=31806979679http://zakupki.gov.ru/223/purchase/public/purchase/info/common-info.html?regNumber=31806993132http://zakupki.gov.ru/223/purchase/public/purchase/info/common-info.html?regNumber=31806993320Some of the information contained in these contracts has also made it possible to locate two earlier contracts for 1009/5, one in September 2017 and another in July 2018:http://zakupki.gov.ru/223/purchase/public/purchase/info/common-info.html?regNumber=31705532846http://zakupki.gov.ru/223/purchase/public/purchase/info/common-info.html?regNumber=31806708484All the contracts were awarded by the military construction company FGUP GVSU N°12. Unfortunately, nothing much new can be learned from these contracts, except that two of the buildings that are part of 1009/5 are called 165B and 165D. All the contracts are based on a contract signed between FGUP GVSU N°12 and the Ministry of Defense on 25 August 2016. This has the number 1617187377352090942000000 and is also referred to as “Deal Nr. M0012”. The fact that this is an ongoing construction project would indicate that this facility is not yet actively being used for the Cosmos-2519/2521/2523 mission. At the same time, it shows that Nivelir (as well as Burevestnik) is likely to be turned into an operational system that will see launches on a regular basis.
Some newly uncovered information suggests that: a) Cosmos-2521 likely has the same design as three inspector satellites launched as piggyback payloads on the Rokot booster in 2013-2015 (Cosmos-2491, 2499, 2504) and that all these are part of project Nivelir.b) Burevestnik (presumably a co-orbital ASAT system) may use the same bus as the inspector satellitesc) all these satellites are built by the Central Scientific Research Institute of Chemistry and Mechanics (ЦНИИХМ, transliterated either as TsNIIKhM or CNIIHM). These conclusions are largely based on a number of patents filed by TsNIIKhM which in turn led to other sources of information. One of the patents (placed online in July 2018) provides a strong clue that the Rokot-launched inspectors are a product of TsNIIKhM (their manufacturer had not been identified before). With TsNIIKhM already known to be a key player in Nivelir (see earlier posts here), this probably means that the inspectors launched by Rokot and the inspector deployed from Cosmos-2519 (Cosmos-2521) are the same type of satellite (one single company is unlikely to have built two different types of inspectors). This is also backed up by the fact that identical radio signals were picked up from the satellites (see Reply 239 in this thread) as well as by other evidence presented later in this post.The patent in question is here:https://patents.google.com/patent/RU2659411C1/ruEnglish machine translation:https://patents.google.com/patent/RU2659411C1/enIt deals with a new method of performing ground-based test firings of satellite thrusters. The authors describe how this method can be applied to test firings of the K50-10.6 thrusters, which are thermal catalytic engines (monopropellant hydrazine thrusters) of the OKB Fakel design bureau. This most probably means that TsNIIKhM was involved in those test firings. The only satellites known to have carried these engines so far are Cosmos-2499 and Cosmos-2504, which rendezvoused with the Briz-KM upper stage that placed them into orbit. See this list of flown OKB Fakel engines on Fakel’s website:https://fakel-russia.com/images/gallery/About/letnaya%20istoriya/KA_s_oborudovaniem.pdfThe first of the Rokot-launched inspectors (Cosmos-2491) is not in the list. There is no clear evidence that it performed maneuvers, meaning that either it did not have an operational engine unit or that its engine unit failed. The list does contain a satellite named Cosmos-2491 launched on 24 March 2014, but this is actually a Glonass satellite that was called Cosmos-2492. Cosmos-2521 (also likely to have the K50-10.6 thrusters) is not in the list either, but it was published shortly before the satellite’s release from Cosmos-2519 and has not been updated since. Cosmos-2519, the “parent satellite” built by NPO Lavochkin, is listed. It has a different type of hydrazine-fueled thermal catalytic thruster called K50-10.5. Performance data for the K50-10.6 thruster are given on the OKB Fakel website (see attachment 1).https://fakel-russia.com/images/gallery/produczia/fakel_tkd_en_print.pdfWhile these thrusters may not seem powerful enough to account for the maneuvers performed by the inspector satellites, the satellites are so small that they are unlikely to have a second propulsion system. A probable clue as to how they made those maneuvers comes in two other patents as well as a handful of papers published by TsNIIKhM. All of their authors (Sergei Ulybyshev, Aleksandr Glushkov and Taras Gavrilenko) were also involved in the patent that mentions the test firings of the K50-10.6 thruster. https://patents.google.com/patent/RU2610793C1/ru(patent published in January 2016). English machine translation:https://patents.google.com/patent/RU2610793C1/enhttps://patents.google.com/patent/RU170380U1/ru(patent published in July 2016). English machine translation:https://patents.google.com/patent/RU170380U1/enhttps://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=24920643(paper presented at a conference in September 2015, full version available for registered users of elibrary.ru)http://engjournal.ru/articles/1813/1813.pdf(paper published in 2018) (English abstract at the end of the article)http://trudy.mai.ru/upload/iblock/2f0/Glushkov_Ulybyshev_rus.pdf?lang=ru&issue=101(paper published in 2018)These are all very technical with lots of mathematical formulae, but they seem to describe a fuel-efficient way of performing orbital maneuvers by carrying out short intermittent burns rather than one single long burn. Schematic representations of satellites published in these patents and papers may very well show the configuration of thrusters and reaction wheels on the inspector satellites (see attachments 2 and 3). The conference paper presented in September 2015 says the use of thrusters in this specific mode had already been tested in flight, “confirming the results of the mathematical simulations”. This must refer to either Cosmos-2499 or 2504 or to both. Although none of these patents and papers mention orbital rendezvous or inspection, Glushkov and Gavrilenko did present papers related to orbital inspection at conferences back in 2012 and 2013, showing that they were involved in the development of the inspectors at an early stage. http://files.mai.ru/site/conf/iac/2012/Sbornik%20tezisov%20IAK_2012.pdf(2012 conference, see p. 67-68)http://conf56.mipt.ru/static/book-faki2.pdf(2013 conference, see p. 41-42)Yet another patent published by TsNIIKhM in February 2018 has made it possible to identify the propellant tank that feeds the K50-10.6 thrusters of the inspector satellites. https://patents.google.com/patent/RU2673789C1/ru(English machine translation)https://patents.google.com/patent/RU2673789C1/enThe patent is about pressure relief valves. While it belongs to TsNIIKhM, a further check shows that the authors are actually affiliated with NIIMash (Scientific Research Institute of Machine Building) in Nizhnyaya Salda. NIIMash is best known as a manufacturer of small satellite thrusters, but also builds propellant tanks, not only for its own engines, but also for engines produced by other companies. The link between NIIMash and TsNIIKhM becomes clear in a paper co-authored by three of the patent holders (Sergei Buldashev, Yuri Arkhipov and Aleksandr Volkov) and presented at a conference organized by NPO Lavochkin in early September 2017. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=32364985(This is an abstract of the paper. The full version can be downloaded by registered users of elibrary.ru)It includes this excerpt:QuoteБак МВСК84 также прошел полныи цикл наземнои отработки и в настоящее время проходит летные испытания в составе ДУ разработки ОКБ «Факел» (КА разработки ФГУП «ЦНИИХМ»). “The tank MVSK84 has undergone a full cycle of ground tests and is currently undergoing flight tests as part of an engine unit developed by OKB Fakel ([on] a satellite/satellites designed by FGUP TsNIIKhM”). The authors use the abbreviation KA (“space apparatus”) for “satellite” and therefore it is not clear if the word is used here in the singular or the plural. They are presumably referring to the Rokot-launched inspectors and/or Cosmos-2521, which was released from Cosmos-2519 in late August 2017, shortly before the paper was given. This excerpt is also significant in that it finally confirms earlier speculation in this thread that TsNIIKhM is indeed a satellite manufacturer/integrator and not just a supplier of subsystems. Data for the MVSK84 tank are given in the paper and also on the website of NIIMash (see attachment 4):http://www.niimashspace.ru/files/2016/Topliv_baki.pdfThe paper says the tank can store nitrogen tetroxide, UDMH or hydrazine, but the website mentions only hydrazine, adding that the tank is designed for a monopropellant engine system (and K50-10.6 is exactly such a system). Its mass is “no more than 2.5 kg” and it has a capacity of just over 8 liters. A subsequent search on the procurement website zakupki.gov.ru turned up two contracts related to the MVSK84 tank which show that it will be used for two different projects:http://zakupki.gov.ru/223/purchase/public/purchase/info/common-info.html?regNumber=31400946728Published in March 2014. It has a draft contract between NIIMash and OAO Kompozit on materials to be used for the production of the MVSK84 tank. The project is not mentioned.http://zakupki.gov.ru/223/purchase/public/purchase/info/common-info.html?regNumber=31806592757Published in June 2018. This has a draft contract between OKB Fakel and NIIMash for the delivery of an MVSK84 tank by 31 October 2018. The project name is given as Nivelir-DU (DU stands for dvigatel’naya ustanovka or “engine unit”). The documentation released on Nivelir-DU in June 2018 says the contract is based on the following contracts:30 September 2011 : GNTTs Garant – TsNIIKhM (nr. 102/18/2011)1 December 2011 : TsNIIKhM – OKB Fakel (nr. 516/11/840-G)Other contracts identified for Nivelir in the same timeframe are:21 November 2011 : TsNIIKhM – OKB MEI (for an on-board radio system)1 December 2011 : TsNIIKhM – NPO Lavochkin (see earlier posts here)The documentation published in March 2014 refers back to other contracts:1 September 2011 : GNTTs Garant – FGUP KBM (nr. 097/18/2011)30 September 2011 : FGUP KBM – TsNIIKhM (nr. 804-G)15 December 2011 : TsNIIKhM – OKB Fakel (nr. 514/1/895-G)15 December 2011 : OKB Fakel – NIIMash (nr. 20/1-012/014/2011)The involvement of FGUP KBM suggests that this contract is for Burevestnik, the presumed co-orbital ASAT system. FGUP KBM (later renamed NPK KBM) (the Design Bureau of Machine Building in Kolomna) is so far not known to have a role in Nivelir, but it did sign contracts for Burevestnik in June 2014 and December 2015 (see the first posts in the Burevestnik thread). There is also plenty of evidence for TsNIIKhM’s involvement in Burevestnik (also see the Burevestnik thread). If the March 2014 documentation is indeed about Burevestnik, that would mean that Nivelir and Burevestnik have an identical propellant tank, a strong indication that the two use the same propulsion system and the same bus. Other procurement documentation published in July 2016 had already shown that Burevestnik is supposed to carry an engine system of OKB Fakel:http://zakupki.gov.ru/223/purchase/public/purchase/info/common-info.html?regNumber=31603899262The contract (for “Burevestnik-KA-M-DU”) is for the delivery of polyimide film to OKB Fakel (probably to protect the satellite structure from the engine’s exhaust products) but does not specify the type of engine. My earlier guess was this was for one of Fakel’s stationary plasma thrusters, but the presence of a hydrazine tank would rule out that idea. Most likely, Burevestnik will use the same thermal catalytic thrusters as Nivelir. As explained earlier here, a further link between Nivelir and Burevestnik is the construction of a joint ground control facility (1009/5) for the two projects near Russia's space surveillance headquarters in Noginsk-9.The preliminary conclusion from all this new evidence is that in September 2011 Russia initiated two projects, Nivelir (likely for orbital inspection) and Burevestnik (likely a co-orbital ASAT system). All the satellites were to be built by TsNIIKhM and use a common bus with K50-10.6 thermal catalytic thrusters of OKB Fakel and an MVSK84 hydrazine tank of NIIMash.Apparently, it was decided to carry out the Nivelir project in two stages. In the first stage, the satellites would fly on the Rokot booster and use the Briz-KM upper stage as a passive target for rendezvous and proximity operations. In the second stage, the target would be a satellite built by NPO Lavochkin. The contract for that phase of the project was signed between TsNIIKhM and NPO Lavochkin on 1 December 2011, with Lavochkin acting as a subcontractor to TsNIIKhM. Documentation related to the NPO Lavochkin satellite uses the production code 14F150 and the name Nivelir-L, where the “L” likely stands for “Lavochkin”. The production code for the TsNIIKhM inspector satellites is probably 14F153, which was used in one official document for Cosmos-2504, the last of the Rokot-launched inspectors. Therefore, Cosmos-2519 would seem to be the first 14F150 satellite and Cosmos-2521 the fourth 14F153 satellite. Meanwhile, it is now clear that a second mission similar to the current one is being prepared for launch. There is procurement documentation for a satellite called 14F150 N2 and the contract signed between OKB Fakel and NIIMash in 2018 shows that a new TsNIIKhM inspector satellite (which would be 14F153 nr. 5) is also under construction. Most likely, the two will be launched together, possibly on the Soyuz-2-1v that is scheduled for launch later this year. As I explained in Reply 325, one of the objectives for the next mission may be to test a stealthy type of material (developed by NII Ferrit-Domen) that will make the inspector satellite more difficult to spot both visually and by radar.The biggest mystery of the current mission remains Cosmos-2523, the subsatellite that separated from Cosmos-2521 in October 2017, immediately lowered its perigee by 100 km and then remained inert. The single burn it did may point to the use of a solid-fuel propulsion system. TsNIIKhM is known to have studied small solid-propellant engines for cubesat-sized satellites, but it is questionable if these would be capable of performing such a significant maneuver. Possibly, Cosmos-2523 is the satellite called “Napryazheniye” (“Tension” or “Voltage”) which first appears in Russian documentation in 2012 and is sometimes mentioned along with Nivelir as well as Burevestnik. Last August a US official described Cosmos-2523’s behavior as “inconsistent with anything seen before from on-orbit inspection or space situational awareness capabilities” and alluded to the fact that its mission may be related to space weapons development. That concern may have been sparked in part by the fact that Cosmos-2523 was separated from Cosmos-2521 when the latter was still orbiting in the immediate vicinity of Cosmos-2519 (the two satellites parted company for several months after that). Possibly, DoD interpreted this as a possible simulated ASAT attack by Cosmos-2523 on Cosmos-2519, even though the maneuver resulted in Cosmos-2523 winding up in an orbit with a much lower perigee. Finally, the available procurement documentation shows that the organizational background of these projects is totally different from that of most traditional military space projects, where the Ministry of Defense awards a contract to a prime contractor operating under the wings of Roscosmos. GNTTs Garant, the organization that awarded the original contracts for both Nivelir and Burevestnik, is a complete mystery. NPK KBM, which seems to play a leading role in Burevestnik, is a weapon manufacturer that is not known to have worked on space projects earlier. TsNIIKhM traces back its history to 1894 and in the Soviet days was a major manufacturer of ammunition, explosives and solid propellants. Its only known role in the Soviet space program was the delivery of explosive devices for the IS anti-satellite system. In 2005 TsNIIKhM became subordinate to the Federal Service for Technical and Export Control (FSTEK), a Ministry of Defense agency tasked with protecting state secrets and countering cyber espionage. The institute’s responsibilities were apparently further expanded in 2009, when according to its website it became “the Ministry of Defense’s leading institute for the development of promising weapons including new types of ordnance, rocket propellants and explosive devices” and began carrying out “research in key areas of weapon modernization”. Apparently, that expansion of responsibilities also included a key role in top-secret military space projects for orbital inspection and satellite negation. Hidden behind a thick veil of secrecy, TsNIIKhM seems to be evolving into one of Russia’s most important satellite manufacturers outside the structure of Roscosmos. There is evidence that the company is working on several other secret space projects besides Nivelir and Burevestnik, but I will write about those later.
In Reply #330 I presented evidence that all four inspector satellites launched to date (Cosmos-2491, 2499, 2504 (launched as co-passengers on the Rokot launch vehicle in 2013-2015) and Cosmos-2521 (launched attached to Cosmos-2519 in 2017) are likely part of one and the same project (Nivelir) and may use the same bus as the Burevestnik satellites, likely a co-orbital ASAT system. All the satellites are the product of the same manufacturer (the Central Scientific Research Institute of Chemistry and Mechanics (TsNIIKhM or CNIIHM)), they seem to use the same monopropellant propulsion system of OKB Fakel (with K50-10.6 hydrazine thrusters) and have a joint ground control center in Noginsk-9. Moreover, both projects appear to have been initiated in September 2011. Information from a new source now virtually leaves no doubt that the four inspector satellites are of the same type and lends further support to the idea that Nivelir and Burevestnik share the same bus. The source is a report recently published by PAO Saturn, a manufacturer of solar panels and storage batteries for satellites based in Krasnodar (not to be confused with an identically named company in Omsk, Siberia). https://docplayer.ru/124565554-Sostoyanie-kvalifikacii-litiy-ionnyh-batarey-pao-saturn.htmlThe report, dated February 2019, provides an update on the company’s work on lithium-ion batteries. One of the tables in the report has a list of satellites carrying such batteries and this mentions both Nivelir and Burevestnik in the same row (see attachment 1). Both types of satellites carry a set of lithium-ion batteries called 4LI-20. The acronym “NOO” behind both Nivelir and Burevestnik stands for “low Earth orbit”, meaning that both are designed to operate in LEO. This has some implications for our understanding of the Burevestnik project, which I will write about in the Burevestnik thread. The table also provides the following information on the 4LI-20 batteries:- design lifetime : 5 years- number of batteries produced: 12 (6 flight-rated)- ground tests completed. Flight tests since December 2013. Currently in flight: six batteries on four satellites.The most likely interpretation of this is that the four satellites are Cosmos-2491, 2499, 2504 and 2521. Cosmos-2491 was launched in December 2013. It is strange, however, that the four satellites carry a total of six batteries, which means that not all of them have the same amount. Possibly, a single battery was flown on the first two missions for testing, after which the next two missions carried a standard set of two batteries. Another (but less plausible) interpretation is that not all the four satellites mentioned here are identical. One of them could be Burevestnik or Cosmos-2519, the “parent satellite” produced by NPO Lavochkin (which is also considered part of the Nivelir project). The fact that flight tests of the 4LI-20 batteries began on a low-orbiting satellite in December 2013 is also mentioned on PAO Saturn’s website, which also has a picture of the battery (see attachment 2).http://saturn-kuban.ru/produktsiya/akkumulyatornye-batarei/litiy-ionnye-akkumulyatornye-batarei/In the table at the bottom of the page the 4LI-20 batteries are said to be intended for remote sensing satellites (“DZZ” in Russian), but the inspector satellites clearly do not perform that role.More details on the 4LI-20 batteries are given in this 2014 article by specialists of PAO Saturn, which again confirms that flight tests began in December 2013 (without mentioning the name of the satellite). http://npp-kvant.ru/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/АЭ-32.docx(see p. 39-46)The 4LI-20 batteries were the first lithium-ion batteries ever flown on a Russian low-orbiting satellite (the first such batteries to fly on a Russian satellite were carried by a Glonass navigation satellite launched in 2008). Batteries for low-orbiting satellites have more stringent design requirements because they need to go through many more recharging cycles than batteries flown on satellites in higher orbits. The individual cells that make up each 4LI-20 battery unit are called LIGP-20 (see table 4 in the article). They have a guaranteed capacity of 22 Ah. The mass of a single LIGP-20 battery cell is given as 0.59 kg. My understanding of the data is that each 4LI-20 battery is made up of four LIGP-20 cells, giving a total mass of 2.36 kg for the cells combined (but the total battery mass is slightly larger because it also contains other components). In this article the design lifetime of the batteries is given as 5 to 7 years.The 4LI-20 batteries are also mentioned in an article written in 2016 by a specialist of VNIIEM (a builder of weather and remote sensing satellites). Based on the information from the 2014 PAO Saturn article that test flights of the batteries began in December 2013, the author concluded that they must have been flown on Cosmos-2491, 2499 and 2504.http://jurnal.vniiem.ru/text/152/20-28.pdf(see the first table on p. 21)The February 2019 report also has a list of projects that PAO Saturn is involved in along with the names of their prime contractors (see attachments 3 and 4). Here Nivelir is mentioned twice: in the list of satellites produced by NPO Lavochkin and in the list of satellites produced by CNIIHM. The satellite mentioned in the Lavochkin list must be the “parent satellite” called Cosmos-2519 (index 14F150) and the one in the CNIIHM list must be the inspector satellite (presumably designated 14F153). It is not exactly clear what PAO Saturn’s contribution to 14F150 is. Assuming the 4LI-20 lithium-ion batteries are only flown on 14F153, the only other options are the company’s nickel-hydrogen batteries or solar panels. However, there is evidence that the solar panels for 14F150 are produced by PAO Saturn’s competitor NPP Kvant, Russia’s leading producer of solar panels for satellites (see the 2015 and 2016 annual reports of NPP Kvant). Nivelir is one of five projects mentioned in the CNIIHM list: Burevestnik-M-AB, Burevestnik-KA-M-AB, Napryazheniye-SB, Nivelir-ASB and Numizmat-AB. The final acronym in the extensions (AB, SB, ASB) refers to the specific payload delivered by PAO Saturn. “AB’ stands for “storage battery” and “SB” literally stands for “solar battery”, which in Russian means “a collection of solar cells”, which may be installed either on a solar panel or on the satellite body itself. The extension “ASB” seen after Nivelir is an acronym not usually seen in literature related to satellite power supply systems. It could stand for “storage and solar battery” (meaning that PAO Saturn has produced both the solar cells and the storage batteries for Nivelir) or it could simply be a typo. The table also confirms that Napryazheniye (“Tension” or “Voltage”) is a satellite produced by CNIIHM. This satellite had been identified before and in some documentation is mentioned alongside Nivelir, which is suggestive of a link between the two (for instance, Nivelir and Napryazheniye were the names of two seemingly related research projects at Moscow’s MFTI university in 2012). Possibly, Napryazheniye is the mysterious satellite called Cosmos-2523 that was separated from Cosmos-2521 in October 2017, immediately lowered its perigee by about 100 km and then remained inert. The information given here would indicate that PAO Saturn has built the “solar batteries” for Napryazheniye. Since this is likely a very small satellite, the term may refer to body-mounted solar cells rather than solar panels.For some reason Burevestnik is mentioned twice in the CNIIHM list. I will try to explain that in the Burevestnik thread.
Information from a new source now virtually leaves no doubt that the four inspector satellites are of the same type and lends further support to the idea that Nivelir and Burevestnik share the same bus. The source is a report recently published by PAO Saturn, a manufacturer of solar panels and storage batteries for satellites based in Krasnodar (not to be confused with an identically named company in Omsk, Siberia). https://docplayer.ru/124565554-Sostoyanie-kvalifikacii-litiy-ionnyh-batarey-pao-saturn.html
The Burevestnik nuclear-powered cruise missile has nothing to do with the Burevestnik ASAT project.
