For the Pioneer anomaly, one needs Unruh wavelengths of the order of the Hubble scale, comparable to the diameter of the observable Universe. But to justify the controversial topic of "inertial mass" of photons, the Unruh wavelengths for the EM Drive now have to be comparable to the (extremely small by comparison to the Universe) size of the EM Drive.
The difference in wavelengths needed to explain the EM Drive and the Pioneer anomaly is humongous...
And what "numerous number of free parameters" were used in JPL's study?
What if the resonant cavity walls acted like a Hubble horizon, especially for Unruh waves of a similar length (as they are in this case)? Then the inertial mass of the photons would increase towards the cavity's wide end, since more Unruh waves would fit there, since mi=m(1-L/2w), where w is the cavity width.
Of these, the most significant is the effect of
possible surface degradation of the sun-facing RTG sur-
faces.
The RTGs were coated with “three mils of zirconia
(ZrO2)
2) in a sodium silicate binder” [12]. No information
is available in the literature about the performance of this
particular type of paint when exposed to solar radiation,
especially at the relatively high temperatures present on
the RTG outer surfaces. Similar paints [13] have experi-
enced both an increase and a decrease of up to 5% in in-
frared emissivity. Approximately 25% of the RTG coated
surfaces were exposed to solar irradiation. A calculation
that takes into account the relative contribution of RTG
heat to the total anisotropy yields a corresponding error
figure of 25% in the overall error budget


...If standing acoustic waves are able to transfer some of their momentum into the cavity to produce thrust, could this be an analogue of what might be happening in an EM Drive?...
For the Pioneer anomaly, one needs Unruh wavelengths of the order of the Hubble scale, comparable to the diameter of the observable Universe. But to justify the controversial topic of "inertial mass" of photons, the Unruh wavelengths for the EM Drive now have to be comparable to the (extremely small by comparison to the Universe) size of the EM Drive.
The difference in wavelengths needed to explain the EM Drive and the Pioneer anomaly is humongous...
For the Pioneer anomaly, one needs Unruh wavelengths of the order of the Hubble scale, comparable to the diameter of the observable Universe. But to justify the controversial topic of "inertial mass" of photons, the Unruh wavelengths for the EM Drive now have to be comparable to the (extremely small by comparison to the Universe) size of the EM Drive.
The difference in wavelengths needed to explain the EM Drive and the Pioneer anomaly is humongous...
The argument from personal incredulity ...
1. My dad was a ham radio operator. He had a box on his desk about 30 cm x 30 cm x 15 cm, and inside that box he generated photons with an 80-meter wavelength. Impossible, say you?
2. I have an emergency generator in my garage which produces 60 Hz AC. The generator is less than 1 meter long, but the photons from the 60 Hz AC are 50,000 km long. Impossible, say you?
3. If you agree that #1 and #2 are both completely possible, that raises the following question: what is the longest wavelength it is physically possible to generate? What physics supply the boundary condition for that? And it seems to me that the boundary condition is set by the frequency (or maybe half the frequency, or a quarter -- we might argue about that, but we're within an order of magnitude) of Hubble Time. Anything slower than that wouldn't have had time in the Universe to complete a cycle. And therefore the longest wavelength (or half wavelength, or quarter wavelength) must be on the Hubble Scale. So the Hubble Scale sets an absolute limit on the longest possible wavelength. Is there anything here you disagree with?
For the Pioneer anomaly, one needs Unruh wavelengths of the order of the Hubble scale, comparable to the diameter of the observable Universe. But to justify the controversial topic of "inertial mass" of photons, the Unruh wavelengths for the EM Drive now have to be comparable to the (extremely small by comparison to the Universe) size of the EM Drive.
The difference in wavelengths needed to explain the EM Drive and the Pioneer anomaly is humongous...
The argument from personal incredulity ...
1. My dad was a ham radio operator. He had a box on his desk about 30 cm x 30 cm x 15 cm, and inside that box he generated photons with an 80-meter wavelength. Impossible, say you?
2. I have an emergency generator in my garage which produces 60 Hz AC. The generator is less than 1 meter long, but the photons from the 60 Hz AC are 50,000 km long. Impossible, say you?
3. If you agree that #1 and #2 are both completely possible, that raises the following question: what is the longest wavelength it is physically possible to generate? What physics supply the boundary condition for that? And it seems to me that the boundary condition is set by the frequency (or maybe half the frequency, or a quarter -- we might argue about that, but we're within an order of magnitude) of Hubble Time. Anything slower than that wouldn't have had time in the Universe to complete a cycle. And therefore the longest wavelength (or half wavelength, or quarter wavelength) must be on the Hubble Scale. So the Hubble Scale sets an absolute limit on the longest possible wavelength. Is there anything here you disagree with?This argument, starts by positing an effect: the Unruh radiation whose existence is not universally accepted and has not been experimentally confirmed.
So, in essence you are proposing to justify an effect (force on the EM Drive) that has not been experimentally confirmed and whose existence is very much under debate, by proposing another effect that has not been experimentally confirmed and whose existence is very much under debate. When mainstream scientists think of the Unruh effect, they think of huge accelerations like the ones near a black hole. To accommodate these huge accelerations the theory being proposed argues that photons are being accelerated and that they have an inertial mass. It proposes that dark matter does not exist, but that it can be explained also by the Unruh radiation. It proposes that the Pioneer anomaly is not due to asymmetric thermal radiation (a well-known effect) but by Unruh radiation produced by very small acceleration, with wavelengths approaching the diameter of the observable Universe. Finally, the theory being proposed for the EM Drive is mathematically undeveloped: it does not even take into account the electromagnetic mode shapes.
The following needs to happen advance this:
1) The Unruh effect would need to be experimentally confirmed and verified by independent scientists and to be accepted as a fact (for example, it can be argued that the Unruh effect does not exist because the emission and absorption rates of the accelerating particle are balanced)
2) Inertial mass for photons and acceleration of photons as proposed by McCulloch would need to be experimentally confirmed and verified by independent scientists and to be accepted as a fact.
3) McCulloch's theory for the EM Drive would need to be mathematically developed (it is undeveloped at the moment): solving the boundary value problem and accounting for the electromagnetic mode shapes (McCulloch's force has no explicit dependence on the electromagnetic mode shapes). By contrast, take a look at Dr. Notsosureofit's hypothesis: http://emdrive.wiki/@notsosureofit_Hypothesis which is more mathematically developed than McCulloch's since it takes into account the electromagnetic mode shapes.
Theories such as this need to answer critical challenges. Other competing theories for the EM Drive (Harold White's degradable QV, Woodward's Mach Effect, etc.) also have challenges but Woodward's Mach Effect theory for example has been under longer scrutiny, so discussion of its application can be sharper, more definite.
Concerning the EM Drive, the first order of business is to confirm whether the anomalous force is a real effect or an experimental artifact.

Dr. Rodal, in the case of the "perfectly collimated" photon rocket I take it that there are no issues re COM or COE. or (?) Assuming the QV is immutable, how is it possible for the collimated photons to transfer it's/their momentum to (?) to produce thrust? Not sure if this is correctly phrased? FL

From a notice by rfmwguy... Interesting.
Shell
http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/adva/6/6/10.1063/1.4953807
On the exhaust of electromagnetic drive
Patrick Grahn1,a), Arto Annila2,3,b) and Erkki Kolehmainen4,c)
Recent reports about propulsion without reaction mass have been met on one hand with enthusiasm and on the other hand with some doubts. Namely, closed metal cavities, when fueled with microwaves, have delivered thrust that could eventually maintain satellites on orbits using solar power. However, the measured thrust appears to be without any apparent exhaust. Thus the Law of Action-Reaction seems to have been violated. We consider the possibility that the exhaust is in a form that has so far escaped both experimental detection and theoretical attention. In the thruster’s cavity microwaves interfere with each other and invariably some photons will also end up co-propagating with opposite phases. At the destructive interference electromagnetic fields cancel. However, the photons themselves do not vanish for nothing but continue in propagation. These photon pairs without net electromagnetic field do not reflect back from the metal walls but escape from the resonator. By this action momentum is lost from the cavity which, according to the conservation of momentum, gives rise to an equal and opposite reaction. We examine theoretical corollaries and practical concerns that follow from the paired-photon conclusion.


The schematic view of a cavity where simulated transverse magnetic modes, (red high, blue low) at the wide and narrow ends of a metallic tapered cavity differ from each other. This uneven interference of microwaves implies uneven efflux of photon pairs, and hence uneven loss of momentum results in an equal and opposite reaction, i.e. thrust Arto Annila
Dr. Rodal, is your response to Shells post also an answer to my query? thnx K
Please, have someone the link of the scheduled interview with Dr. McCulloch? It was supposed to be this 17th June in an online web video...
Thanks
From a notice by rfmwguy... Interesting.
Shell
http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/adva/6/6/10.1063/1.4953807
On the exhaust of electromagnetic drive
Patrick Grahn1,a), Arto Annila2,3,b) and Erkki Kolehmainen4,c)
Recent reports about propulsion without reaction mass have been met on one hand with enthusiasm and on the other hand with some doubts. Namely, closed metal cavities, when fueled with microwaves, have delivered thrust that could eventually maintain satellites on orbits using solar power. However, the measured thrust appears to be without any apparent exhaust. Thus the Law of Action-Reaction seems to have been violated. We consider the possibility that the exhaust is in a form that has so far escaped both experimental detection and theoretical attention. In the thruster’s cavity microwaves interfere with each other and invariably some photons will also end up co-propagating with opposite phases. At the destructive interference electromagnetic fields cancel. However, the photons themselves do not vanish for nothing but continue in propagation. These photon pairs without net electromagnetic field do not reflect back from the metal walls but escape from the resonator. By this action momentum is lost from the cavity which, according to the conservation of momentum, gives rise to an equal and opposite reaction. We examine theoretical corollaries and practical concerns that follow from the paired-photon conclusion.
These authors fail to address the conservation of energy issue: they also would have been well served to read the numerous posts of frobnicat at NSF in this regards ( http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?action=profile;area=showposts;u=19278 ).
They use images that appear similar to those posted by Star-Drive at NSF for COMSOL Finite Element Analysis done at NASA and fails to directly and explicitly credit NSF, while instead crediting: "Update on EMDrive work at NASA Eagleworks. NextBigFuture (6 February 2015)", (an update that used information originally posted at NSF and that links to NSF)
image posted by the authors:QuoteThe schematic view of a cavity where simulated transverse magnetic modes, (red high, blue low) at the wide and narrow ends of a metallic tapered cavity differ from each other. This uneven interference of microwaves implies uneven efflux of photon pairs, and hence uneven loss of momentum results in an equal and opposite reaction, i.e. thrust Arto Annila
image posted by Star-Drive at NSF:
--------------
(*) Article published in AIP Advances, a peer-reviewed, fully open access, online-only journal,
Journal Impact Factor2015 Journal Citation Reports® (Thomson Reuters, 2016)*:
Five-Year Impact Factor 1.496
Impact Factor 1.444
Immediacy Index 0.307
Cited Half-Life 2.5
EigenFactor Score 0.01158
Article Influence Score 0.480
They use images that appear similar to those posted by Star-Drive at NSF for COMSOL Finite Element Analysis done at NASA and fails to directly and explicitly credit NSF, while instead crediting: "Update on EMDrive work at NASA Eagleworks. NextBigFuture (6 February 2015)", (an update that used information originally posted at NSF and that links to NSF)
...While I also realized the limitations of this article I also realized that the authors seemed to have had access to COMSOL data which you say they didn't properly credit NASA. This seems to be a incorrect statement.QuoteThey use images that appear similar to those posted by Star-Drive at NSF for COMSOL Finite Element Analysis done at NASA and fails to directly and explicitly credit NSF, while instead crediting: "Update on EMDrive work at NASA Eagleworks. NextBigFuture (6 February 2015)", (an update that used information originally posted at NSF and that links to NSF)
...
While I also realized the limitations of this article I also realized that the authors seemed to have had access to COMSOL data which you say they didn't properly credit NASA. This seems to be a incorrect statement.
...
What is incorrect about what I stated?
Again, I stated that the authors directly credit an accumulation site that posted information taken from NSF (and links to NSF), but the authors failed to reference NSF directly (or the original material from Paul March/NASA posted at NSF) in their article.
They should have credited NSF instead of crediting the accumulation site !
...
While I also realized the limitations of this article I also realized that the authors seemed to have had access to COMSOL data which you say they didn't properly credit NASA. This seems to be a incorrect statement.
...
What is incorrect about what I stated?
Again, I stated that the authors directly credit an accumulation site that posted information taken from NSF (and links to NSF), but the authors failed to reference NSF directly (or the original material from Paul March/NASA posted at NSF) in their article.
They should have credited NSF instead of crediting the accumulation site !
They should have but it's not a huge mistake and it is obvious they used COMSOL to generate their images.
And what does rfmwguy's actions have on the impact of the article. It was reported as I got the information. Sorry, it seems to have upset you somehow, it shouldn't.
Shell