Author Topic: Challenger STS-6 – A Walk into History  (Read 248559 times)

Offline Ares67

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Challenger STS-6 – A Walk into History
« on: 11/01/2013 05:47 pm »
Uno ab alto

This shuttle history thread is dedicated to the memory of

Col. USAF Charles Gordon Fullerton (October 11, 1936 – August 21, 2013)

Pilot Enterprise ALT-1, ALT-3 and ALT-5 (1977)
Pilot Columbia STS-3 (1982)
Commander Challenger STS 51-F (1985)

Another hero of the early Space Shuttle era has left us forever.

Gordo, may you rest in peace...  or, even better, happily roam the skies you loved so much.


”Here's a toast to the host of those
Who love the vastness of the sky,
To a friend we send a message
Of his brother men who fly.
We drink to those who gave their all of old,
Then down we roar
To score the rainbow's pot of gold.
A toast to the host of men we boast, the U.S. Air Force”


- “The Air Force Song,” based on lyrics by Captain Robert Crawford, “Off We Go Into the Wild Blue Yonder,” (The Army Air Corps Song, 1939)

Offline Ares67

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Re: Challenger STS-6 – A Walk into History
« Reply #1 on: 11/01/2013 05:50 pm »
Confessions

“I find it depressing – even distressing – that, in the case of both Challenger and Columbia, most observers focus upon their final, fateful missions, avoiding the spectacular triumphs that both venerable orbiters achieved during their all-too-short lives.”

- Ben Evans, “Space Shuttle Challenger,” Springer/Praxis, 2007


No, we don’t do that – especially here at NSF, do we. Since it is the 30-year anniversary, I think it’s appropriate to show how Challenger joined the fleet in 1983, performing her first three missions – which essentially combined all the drama, historic firsts and fascinating vistas shuttle huggers around the world do remember so vividly.

Also, 1983 marked NASA’s silver anniversary, and so I’ve included some “NASA at 25” elements, as well as other important space news and space-related political and military events, such as a short look at the U.S. ASAT program and the birth of SDI, or “Star Wars” as it was called. And when I heard the sad news of Gordon Fullerton’s death in late August, I also added some pictures and texts showing his involvement with STS-6 crewmembers and TV coverage, as well as a special collection of three photos at the end of this thread…

Because the Rogers “dry” lakebed at Edwards Air Force Base looked more like a real lake at the time of Challenger’s maiden voyage, there will be talk about the California weather in early 1983… and April snow at White Sands! There’ll even be some royal news included, and it doesn’t involve watching the backdoor of a London hospital for days at a time, although I confess to having joined the worldwide TV audience doing so this past July while I’ve been writing parts of this latest history thread – “It’s a boy!” – Note: The happy father, Prince William, was born on June 21, 1982, at about the point of time our chronological look back at mission STS-6 will start…  I’ve probably always been a secret royalist as far as the British monarchy is concerned… or is it because I’m into all the pomp and circumstance and I’ve always taken an interest in colorful history?   ;D


TEA, COFFEE AND SOME RED WINE

After having produced the four-part saga of Challenger’s tragic end for NSF last year, I now wanted to honor this remarkable member of NASA’s Space Shuttle fleet with a comparable description of her birth. But, boy, writing up all of this took much longer than I had anticipated; reading it you’ll probably see why.

In order to show how many comm interruptions they had to cope with in the early days of the shuttle program, and thereby the advantages of having a TDRS system in the sky – TDRS-A of course the main payload during Challenger’s maiden voyage – I tried to include as much “live” PAO commentary and air-to-ground coverage as possible. But doing that in an easily readable way and combining it with explanatory text passages took much more time and effort than usual. During some long nights it also took a lot of tea and coffee and, yes, at times, some red wine to accomplish…

This time I also underestimated the amount of different sources I had to combine and edit, writing several of the passages myself instead of just putting other people’s stuff together in logical and chronological order. Of course, I’ll never release one of these threads until I’m completely satisfied with the final result of my efforts. As a consequence I’ll stop giving release dates for the upcoming threads. It always heavily depends on the amount of data and, of course, my personal schedule. Only one thing is for sure – the next one will always follow as soon as possible.


AOS NSF AGAIN

Some of you may have noticed that I was absent from the forum for several weeks, in fact, several months – went LOS NSF so to speak… Although, from time to time, I’ve taken a look at developments at the site, not logged in as Ares67, using my parents’ computer, as well as a laptop at work – don’t tell my boss… That’s because I wanted to get the job on this STS-6 project finally done and had to avoid being distracted by all the other good, more recent stuff here at NSF. Without a doubt there’s a lot of archived material for me to look at now… and by the way, I love the new design of the forum.

During the summer I also took a two-week vacation in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein at the Baltic Sea, away from work and, believe it or not, away from space. – You know that you are a space geek… when you have to mention something like that! – Okay, here comes another confession: I’ve read three Star Trek novels during that vacation (David Mack: Star Trek – Destiny, Books 1-3 – recommended reading if your are into Borg background information)… There were some starships involved… :)

So, I’m sorry to have kept you waiting, but now I’m ready to deliver. Ares67 is AOS NSF/Lima Two again… Let’s start and take another walk into history.

- Oliver, aka Ares67


“It’s been a long road, getting from there to here.
It’s been a long time, but my time is finally near…”


Diane Warren/Russel Watson, “Faith of the Heart,” Star Trek: Enterprise Theme

Offline Ares67

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Re: Challenger STS-6 – A Walk into History
« Reply #2 on: 11/01/2013 05:55 pm »
Shortcuts

Tuesday, November 30, 1982 (Rollout to Pad 39A) – Mistborn

http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=33194.msg1115304#msg1115304

Saturday, December 18, 1982 (Flight Readiness Firing 1) – A Resounding Success

http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=33194.msg1115346#msg1115346

Tuesday, January 25, 1983 (Flight Readiness Firing 2) – A Real Detective Job

http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=33194.msg1115430#msg1115430

Monday, April 4, 1983 (Launch Day) – America’s Hopes Soaring High

http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=33194.msg1115534#msg1115534

Monday, April 4, 1983 (Flight Day 1) – And We’re All Proud of You

http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=33194.msg1116444#msg1116444

Tuesday, April 5, 1983 (Flight Day 2) – A Close Save

http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=33194.msg1116509#msg1116509

Wednesday, April 6, 1983 (Flight Day 3) – The Geritol Gang’s Victory Roll

http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=33194.msg1116833#msg1116833

Thursday, April 7, 1983 (Flight Day 4) – Life on a Wire

http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=33194.msg1117285#msg1117285

Friday, April 8, 1983 (Flight Day 5) – A Long Way from Home

http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=33194.msg1117745#msg1117745

Saturday, April 9, 1983 (Landing Day) – The Proof of the Pudding

http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=33194.msg1118001#msg1118001

______________

NASA at 25 (first post)

http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=33194.msg1115393#msg1115393

Star Wars

http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=33194.msg1115521#msg1115521
« Last Edit: 11/09/2013 07:06 pm by Ares67 »

Offline Ares67

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Re: Challenger STS-6 – A Walk into History
« Reply #3 on: 11/01/2013 06:00 pm »
Under the Sign of Virgo

The STS-6 flight, the first space voyage of Challenger, is symbolized by the hexagonal shape of its crew emblem. The overall color theme of the patch is a patriotic red, white and blue. It has a border of royal blue, which surrounds an inner band of white. This inner band is bordered on the interior by a thin red line. This band lists, in royal blue to match the border, the surnames of Challenger’s four crew members – astronauts Paul J. Weitz, Karol J. Bobko, F. Story Musgrave, and Donald H. Peterson – along with the mission’s sequence numeral and the name of the spacecraft in the inner line’s red color.

The center area of the patch is dominated by a spacescape, which depicts the orbiter flying in the foreground as it creates an orbital path from behind the Earth. The planet is depicted as a large, light-blue sphere, rimmed with a slightly darker blue. The orbiter is seen in a side – and slightly frontal – view with the payload bay doors open. The Tracking and Data Relay Satellite, combined with the Inertial Upper Stage, is depicted during its deployment from the Challenger’s cargo bay. It trails a white streamer behind the far side of the globe, just as Challenger trails a red one. Both the orbiter and the TDRS are shown in shades of white, with light blue shading and black detail. The IUS has got a band of red on its exterior.

Slightly above and behind Challenger are shining white stars which form the constellation Virgo. These six stars against a background of deep navy blue represent the mission sequence number – whereby the five stars to the right of the vertical tail symbolize Columbia’s five trips into space, the lone star to the left the first use of the newest member of the Space Shuttle fleet. Virgo itself is also symbolic of the maiden flight of Challenger. (Judith Kaplan/Robert Muniz, “Space Patches,” Sterling Publishing, 1986; description on STS-6 decal – edited and supplemented)

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Re: Challenger STS-6 – A Walk into History
« Reply #4 on: 11/01/2013 06:05 pm »
Challenger - The “Early Bird”

“Challenger, you are free to take off now.”

- U.S. President Ronald Reagan, Edwards AFB, July 4, 1982


(Based on the “Getting Ready” chapter in Dennis R. Jenkins’ book “Space Shuttle – The History of the National Space Transportation System,” 1992-2001, and David Shayler’s “Shuttle Challenger,” Prentice Hall Press, 1987, supplemented by additional sources quoted at the end of this section)


In actuality, the spacecraft Challenger was the “Early Bird” of America’s Space Transportation System’s Earth-orbiting fleet. Structural fabrication of Challenger had commenced on January 6, 1975, about a year earlier than the origin of Columbia. In several transitional periods Challenger went from structural assembly to becoming the Structural Test Article (STA-099), then back into manufacturing modification period for renovation and uprating to “flight worthy” status to final assembly.

Rockwell’s original $2.6 billion contract had authorized the building of a pair of static test articles (MPTA-098 and STA-099) and two initial flight test vehicles (OV-101 and OV-102). The 1978 decision not to modify Enterprise from her ALT configuration would leave only one space-rated orbiter. This vehicle, Columbia, was rolled out of the Palmdale plant on March 8, 1979.

While Enterprise and MPTA-098 were undergoing tests, Lockheed-California in Palmdale was busy trying to verify the structural integrity of STA-099. On February 4, 1978, Rockwell had delivered the nearly-complete airframe to the Lockheed-California Company located across the runway at Plant 42. Twelve months of testing would take place in a 43-ton steel rig built especially for the Space Shuttle test program.

The test rig contained 256 hydraulic jacks, distributed over 836 load application points, which simulated various stress levels under control of a computer. These stress levels duplicated the launch, ascent, on-orbit, reentry and landing phases of flight. Three 1,000,000 pound-force hydraulic cylinders were used to simulate the thrust from the Space Shuttle Main Engines. Heating and cooling simulations were conducted along with the stress tests.

In the meantime, on January 5, 1979, NASA awarded Rockwell a supplemental contract to modify STA-099 into a space-rated orbiter (OV-099), and followed this on January 29, 1979, with an order to construct two additional vehicles (OV-103 and OV-104). This $1.9 billion contract also covered modifying OV-102 following the orbital flight test series (STS-1 thru STS-4).

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Re: Challenger STS-6 – A Walk into History
« Reply #5 on: 11/01/2013 06:08 pm »

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Re: Challenger STS-6 – A Walk into History
« Reply #6 on: 11/01/2013 06:09 pm »

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Re: Challenger STS-6 – A Walk into History
« Reply #7 on: 11/01/2013 06:14 pm »

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Re: Challenger STS-6 – A Walk into History
« Reply #8 on: 11/01/2013 06:17 pm »
PROUD HERITAGE

According to British space writer Ben Evans, on February 2, 1979, the Structural Test Article officially was renamed Challenger. “Like Columbia (and, indeed, the subsequent vehicles), Challenger was named for a seafaring vessel that had made a prolonged cruise from December 1872 until May 1876, gathering the equivalent of 50 volumes of information about the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, the name’s proud heritage continued when the Apollo 17 crew chose it for their lunar module in December 1972.”

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Re: Challenger STS-6 – A Walk into History
« Reply #9 on: 11/01/2013 06:20 pm »
“The 1870s voyage of HMS Challenger lasted 1,000 days and covered more than 68,000 nautical miles. Many consider it to be the first true oceanographic expedition because it yielded a wealth of information about the marine environment. Those aboard identified many organisms then new to science, and they gathered data at 362 oceanographic stations on temperature, currents, water chemistry, and ocean floor deposits. The scientific results of the voyage were published in a 50-volume, 29,500-page report that took 23 years to compile. Specialists in numerous scientific disciplines studied the collections and data, and helped produce the reports. Also, the reports written by members of the Challenger expedition provided rich descriptions of the flora, fauna and cultures of the lands visited. Photography – new at the time – was highlighted as well, along with scientific illustration.

The HMS Challenger originally was designed as a British warship – a steam corvette in the Royal Navy – outfitted with 17 guns and an engine capable of over 1,200 horsepower. The 200-foot ship was three-masted, square-rigged, and built of wood. In 1870, Dr. C. Wyville Thomson suggested that the Royal Society of London ask the British government for the use of one of its ships for an extended research cruise. The government agreed, and the HMS Challenger was modified to conduct oceanic research. Ammunition and 15 of the guns were removed from the ship and replaced with laboratories, workrooms, and storage space. The HMS Challenger used sails rather than the steam engine most of the time to allow for frequent stops when collecting data. The steam engine was used only during dredging operations to collect samples from the depths of the ocean floor.

The science and ship crew consisted of six civilian/scientific staff, led by Dr. C. Wyville Thomson. It also included 21 naval officers, including Captain George Nares (replaced by Captain Frank Thomson in 1875), and approximately 216 crew. When the voyage ended in 1876, only 144 crew remained on the ship. Seven people had died, five left when Captain Nares did, 26 were left in hospitals or were unable to continue the journey, and several had deserted at the various ports of call.”


http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03mountains/background/challenger/challenger.html

See also:

“Eight ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Challenger, most famously the survey vessel Challenger that carried the Challenger expedition from 1872 to 1876.”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Challenger

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Re: Challenger STS-6 – A Walk into History
« Reply #10 on: 11/01/2013 06:22 pm »

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Re: Challenger STS-6 – A Walk into History
« Reply #11 on: 11/01/2013 06:25 pm »
BECOMING A REAL SPACESHIP

Testing was completed successfully and Challenger was returned to Rockwell on November 7, 1979, for conversion into OV-099. This conversion, while easier than it would have been to convert Enterprise, still involved a major disassembly of the vehicle. Within a month of arriving back from Lockheed, the payload bay doors, elevons and body flap had been removed so they could be returned to the original vendors for modifications. By January 18, 1980, the vertical stabilizer had been removed and shipped back to Fairchild-Republic in New York for rework.

Challenger had been built with a simulated crew module (which had arrived at Palmdale on January 28, 1977), and the forward fuselage halves had to be separated to gain access to the crew module. This had occurred on February 1981, and the upper forward fuselage was subsequently sent to Downey for rework. The construction of a space-worthy crew module design had already started with long-lead fabrication on January 2, 1979. This had been followed by the start of crew module assembly on June 21, 1979, followed by installation of initial systems on November 3, 1980. On July 14, 1981, the crew module arrived at Palmdale for integration into the vehicle structure. The lower fuselage was modified in Palmdale. The entire aft fuselage was removed and sent to Downey for modifications, returning to Palmdale on July 21, 1981.

On October 15, 1976, the mid-fuselage for STA-099 had arrived at Palmdale for integration with the rest of the vehicle’s components. Following the structural test program, preparations for the modifications to the mid-fuselage were begun on January 28, 1980. On May 26, 1977, the aft payload bay doors for STA-099 had arrived at Palmdale, followed by the forward doors on July 22. On December 7, 1979, after completion of the STA program, the doors were demated from Challenger for rework to orbital certification. By January 25, 1980, the doors had arrived at Rockwell, Tulsa, for rework operations, and were delivered for configuration on Challenger on July 10, 1981.

The final assembly of the vertical tail had begun on October 1, 1976, the structure being delivered on dock at Palmdale on April 6, 1977. It had been mated to STA-099 on September 30, 1977, and, after the structural test program, was demated and delivered back to Fairchild, New York, on January 18, 1980, for rework. It was on dock at Palmdale again on March 26, 1981, for mating to Challenger.

The body flap for Challenger had arrived on dock at Palmdale on May 31, 1977, and after the STA program was demated by December 14, 1979, for rework, returning to Downey on January 25, 1980. On September 1, 1980, modifications to the body flap were begun. The modifications were completed by July 17 and the unit was placed on dock at Palmdale on July 24, 1981, for final installation activities.

The final assembly of the original STA-099 wings had begun at the prime contractor on October 1, 1976, and the units had arrived on dock at Palmdale on March 16, 1977. Following the completion of the STA program, the elevons were demated on December 21, 1979 and returned to the prime contractor for rework on February 1, 1980. Three days later the preparations for the wing modifications were started, this part of the program being completed by November 21 of the same year. By March 30, 1981, the rework on the elevons had been completed at Palmdale, and these units were installed on Challenger’s wings.

Additionally the wings were modified to incorporate lessons learned from the static testing. Part of the new loads data base analysis also allowed Rockwell to relax the requirements for the wing design on OV-103 and OV-104 in order to achieve a slight weight reduction. Challenger would end up some 2,486 pounds lighter than Columbia, in spite of having additional operational equipment installed, including two heads-up displays in the cockpit.

On November 7, 1977, the Forward Reaction Control System (FRCS) for STA-099 had arrived on dock at Palmdale, and was demated by February 8, 1980, following completion of the STA program. By March 21, 1980, the forward RCS had arrived at Downey for rework to flight standard. On February 2, 1981, installation of the system components started, the package finally arriving at Palmdale on January 31, 1982, for installation in Challenger.

The first set of OMS pods for Challenger arrived early in 1982 at Palmdale for installation of the TPS. The right-hand pod was delivered on February 15, and the left-hand pod on March 3. Following this activity the pods were transported to KSC on September 3, 1982, for installation on Challenger for its first mission.

By October 23, 1981, the airframe had been modified to flight standard, and on October 26 the initial series of powered subsystems tests was started. An unpowered subsystems test was begun on November 2, and by January 29, 1982, the initial subsystems tests series had been completed. On April 16 the Challenger’s subsystems were cleared for operational use, and on April 30, 1982, the final acceptance test was completed at the Palmdale plant. In June 1982 Challenger received her final certifications before delivery. On June 4 the post-checkout operations were successfully completed, as was the configuration inspection 17 days later.

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Re: Challenger STS-6 – A Walk into History
« Reply #12 on: 11/01/2013 06:32 pm »

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Re: Challenger STS-6 – A Walk into History
« Reply #13 on: 11/01/2013 06:34 pm »

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Re: Challenger STS-6 – A Walk into History
« Reply #14 on: 11/01/2013 06:37 pm »

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Re: Challenger STS-6 – A Walk into History
« Reply #15 on: 11/01/2013 06:39 pm »

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Re: Challenger STS-6 – A Walk into History
« Reply #16 on: 11/01/2013 06:43 pm »

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Re: Challenger STS-6 – A Walk into History
« Reply #17 on: 11/01/2013 06:47 pm »

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Re: Challenger STS-6 – A Walk into History
« Reply #18 on: 11/01/2013 06:55 pm »

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Re: Challenger STS-6 – A Walk into History
« Reply #19 on: 11/01/2013 06:57 pm »
SETTING SAIL FOR THE HOME PORT

On June 30, 1982, the vehicle was officially rolled out of the Palmdale facility, completing more than 7 1/2 years work, so bringing it up to operational standard as the second flight vehicle. On July 1, 1982, as her sister ship Columbia was orbiting the Earth during the fourth flight day of the fourth shuttle mission, Challenger was transported by road in a 38-mile journey from the Palmdale plant to Edwards Air Force Base for attachment to the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft for its journey to KSC.

Challenger was the first orbiter delivered with a name on the upper right wing and the “USA” and American flag on the left. The new stylized NASA logo and the name Challenger appeared on the right wing. The name of the vehicle was also positioned beneath the cockpit windows on the side of the forward fuselage, which remained visible with payload bay doors open for on-orbit identification.

Shortly after Columbia STS-4 landed at Edwards AFB, completing the fourth flight of the program and its OFT series, Challenger was sent on its way to KSC by President Reagan, the vehicle taking to the air for the first time on the USA’s 206th birthday, July 4, 1982. Literally millions first saw Challenger when, atop the 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, the orbiter’s right wing was dipped during a nationally televised low-pass salute to President and Mrs. Reagan at Edwards Air Force Base.

The SCA flew to Florida in two stages, taking the orbiter to Ellington Field, Texas, for an overnight stop and finally, on July 5, from Ellington Field to Kennedy Space Center, Florida. Following demate from the SCA Challenger was moved to the OPF to begin final preparations for its first flight on STS-6 early in 1983.

(Rockwell International STS-6 Press Kit, March 1983; David Shayler, “Shuttle Challenger,” Prentice Hall Press, 1987; Dennis R. Jenkins, “Space Shuttle,” 1992-2001; Ben Evans, “Space Shuttle Challenger,” Springer/Praxis, 2007 – edited)

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