NASA’s SPHEREx (short for Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization and Ices Explorer) has turned on its detectors for the first time in space. Initial images from the observatory, which launched March 11, confirm that all systems are working as expected.Although the new images are uncalibrated and not yet ready to use for science, they give a tantalizing look at SPHEREx’s wide view of the sky. Each bright spot is a source of light, like a star or galaxy, and each image is expected to contain more than 100,000 detected sources.There are six images in every SPHEREx exposure — one for each detector. The top three images show the same area of sky as the bottom three images. This is the observatory’s full field of view, a rectangular area about 20 times wider than the full Moon. When SPHEREx begins routine science operations in late April, it will take approximately 600 exposures every day.
The SPHEREx project has maintained its cost baseline since it was revised as part of the key decision point D inJanuary 2024. The project used reserves as necessary to address technical challenges. In August 2024, the projectreceived $5.1 million in headquarters-held reserves. Of this, $4.5 million was used to meet Jet Propulsion Laboratory guidance for minimum reserves after the project had experienced prolonged technical challenges and institutional rate increases. The remainder was allocated to contract monitoring and oversight during operations.SPHEREx launched on March 11, 2025, which is 1 month before its April 2025 baseline launch readiness date.
In February 2025, SPHEREx demonstrated readiness for launch with acceptable risk, after the project had addressed several technical challenges prior to launch and had mitigation plans in work for remaining risks. For example, the project experienced challenges while testing the Near Space Network—which it needs to downlink data—with the project’s ground systems. The challenges were related to new software development, network configuration and a lack of automation at the ground stations. According to project documentation, as of February 2025, all network modifications were implemented or executing on schedule, and the network was prepared for the SPHEREx launch.The project also successfully addressed challenges with its instrument control electronics that manage the spacecraft and collect, package, and transmit data back to Earth. These challenges posed a technical risk that could lead to inaccurate data readings or render the system non-responsive, posing a risk to the project’s ability to meet its baseline mission. As of January 2025, the project addressed the challenges by uploading updated software and adding thermal protection. If the instrument faces these challenges in orbit, the project believes it will be able to reload the software and resume the survey.
The project successfully completed testing of the reaction wheels, which are used to orient the telescope in space,in December 2024. As of January 2025, the project was working to obtain 1 year of post-launch support from the manufacturer in case of further anomalies. Between December 2023 and October 2024, the project experienced multiple anomalies with its reaction wheels. The anomalies included a significant cyber vulnerability and the wheels becoming unresponsive or malfunctioning at high speeds or due to voltage fluctuations. Project officials explained that a waiver was originally used to defer the reliability analysis requirement because the wheels were considered high heritage, meaning that the technology was previously used in space. However, anomalies occurred in post-delivery testing and the wheels were found to have less spaceflight experience than was originally understood.The anomalies required a series of hardware, software, and firmware rework, which was completed in September 2024. Officials stated that the manufacturer accomplished all rework under warranty at no cost, but the project paid for expenses associated with additional analyses and overseeing the rework.
The project also cited severe staff burnout as a major risk that could lead to inefficient early mission operations.According to the project, key personnel were lost in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory workforce reduction, which resulted in the remaining staff working dual roles with heavy workloads to complete testing and prepare for launch. Project documentation stated that if the burnout continued, it could lead to critical errors due to reduced capacity to check work and delay operational timelines.
NASA is partnering with commercial industry to expand our knowledge of Earth, our solar system, and beyond. Recently, NASA collaborated with Kongsberg Satellite Services (KSAT) to support data transfer for the agency’s SPHEREx (Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization and Ices Explorer) mission to explore the origins of the universe. “Not only is NASA moving toward commercialization, the agency is making technological advancements to existing systems and saving millions of dollars in the process — all while expanding human knowledge through science and exploration missions,” said Kevin Coggins, associate administrator for NASA’s SCaN (Space Communications and Navigation) program.To receive data from missions in space, NASA relies on the Near Space Network and Deep Space Network, a collection of antennas around the globe.
NASA’s newest astrophysics space telescope launched in March on a mission to create an all-sky map of the universe. Now settled into low-Earth orbit, SPHEREx (Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization, and Ices Explorer) has begun delivering its sky survey data to a public archive on a weekly basis, allowing anyone to use the data to probe the secrets of the cosmos.“Because we’re looking at everything in the whole sky, almost every area of astronomy can be addressed by SPHEREx data,” said Rachel Akeson, the lead for the SPHEREx Science Data Center at IPAC. IPAC is a science and data center for astrophysics and planetary science at Caltech in Pasadena, California.
This image of the Vela Molecular Ridge was captured by NASA's SPHEREx (Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization and Ices Explorer) and was part of the mission's first public data release on July 2, 2025. The yellow patch at right is RCW 36, an emission nebula – a cloud of interstellar gas and dust that glows in some infrared colors due to radiation from nearby stars.SPHEREx detects 102 infrared wavelengths, or colors, that aren't visible to the human eye. This image represents some of those wavelengths in three visible light colors – red, green, and blue.
NASA’s SPHEREx (Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization and Ices Explorer) observed interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS Aug. 7 to Aug. 15. The SPHEREx team has been analyzing insights from this data, and a research note is available online. The agency’s SPHEREx is one of NASA’s space telescopes observing this comet, together providing more information about its size, physical properties, and chemical makeup. For example, NASA’s Webb and Hubble space telescopes also recently observed the comet. While the comet poses no threat to Earth, NASA’s space telescopes help support the agency’s ongoing mission to find, track, and better understand solar system objects.
Launched in March, NASA’s SPHEREx space telescope has completed its first infrared map of the entire sky in 102 colors. While not visible to the human eye, these 102 infrared wavelengths of light are prevalent in the cosmos, and observing the entire sky this way enables scientists to answer big questions, including how a dramatic event that occurred in the first billionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second after the big bang influenced the 3D distribution of hundreds of millions of galaxies in our universe. In addition, scientists will use the data to study how galaxies have changed over the universe’s nearly 14 billion-year history and learn about the distribution of key ingredients for life in our own galaxy. “It’s incredible how much information SPHEREx has collected in just six months — information that will be especially valuable when used alongside our other missions’ data to better understand our universe,” said Shawn Domagal-Goldman, director of the Astrophysics Division at NASA Headquarters in Washington. “We essentially have 102 new maps of the entire sky, each one in a different wavelength and containing unique information about the objects it sees. I think every astronomer is going to find something of value here, as NASA’s missions enable the world to answer fundamental questions about how the universe got its start, and how it changed to eventually create a home for us in it.” Circling Earth about 14½ times a day, SPHEREx (which stands for Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization, and Ices Explorer) travels from north to south, passing over the poles. Each day it takes about 3,600 images along one circular strip of the sky, and as the days pass and the planet moves around the Sun, SPHEREx’s field of view shifts as well. After six months, the observatory has looked out into space in every direction, capturing the entire sky in 360 degrees. Managed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California, the mission began mapping the sky in May and completed its first all-sky mosaic in December. It will complete three additional all-sky scans during its two-year primary mission, and merging those maps together will increase the sensitivity of the measurements. The entire dataset is freely available to scientists and the public. “SPHEREx is a mid-sized astrophysics mission delivering big science,” said JPL Director Dave Gallagher. “It’s a phenomenal example of how we turn bold ideas into reality, and in doing so, unlock enormous potential for discovery.” Superpowered telescopeEach of the 102 colors detected by SPHEREx represents a wavelength of infrared light, and each wavelength provides unique information about the galaxies, stars, planet-forming regions, and other cosmic features therein. For example, dense clouds of dust in our galaxy where stars and planets form radiate brightly in certain wavelengths but emit no light (and are therefore totally invisible) in others. The process of separating the light from a source into its component wavelengths is called spectroscopy. And while a handful of previous missions has also mapped the entire sky, such as NASA’s Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, none have done so in nearly as many colors as SPHEREx. By contrast, NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope can do spectroscopy with significantly more wavelengths of light than SPHEREx, but with a field of view thousands of times smaller. The combination of colors and such a wide field of view is why SPHEREx is so powerful. “The superpower of SPHEREx is that it captures the whole sky in 102 colors about every six months. That’s an amazing amount of information to gather in a short amount of time,” said Beth Fabinsky, the SPHEREx project manager at JPL. “I think this makes us the mantis shrimp of telescopes, because we have an amazing multicolor visual detection system and we can also see a very wide swath of our surroundings.” To accomplish this feat, SPHEREx uses six detectors, each paired with a specially designed filter that contains a gradient of 17 colors. That means every image taken with those six detectors contains 102 colors (six times 17). It also means that every all-sky map that SPHEREx produces is really 102 maps, each in a different color. The observatory will use those colors to measure the distance to hundreds of millions of galaxies. Though the positions of most of those galaxies have already been mapped in two dimensions by other observatories, SPHEREx’s map will be in 3D, enabling scientists to measure subtle variations in the way galaxies are clustered and distributed across the universe. Those measurements will offer insights into an event that took place in the first billionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second after the big bang. In this moment, called inflation, the universe expanded by a trillion-trillionfold. Nothing like it has occurred in the universe since, and scientists want to understand it better. The SPHEREx mission’s approach is one way to help in that effort.
