Russian Orbital Service Station (ROSS) Development

[Rondaz]

RSC Energia urged to operate the ISS during the creation of a new station.

RSC Energia sees the need to operate the ISS during the construction of a new station.

07/26/2022 18:27 (updated: 07/26/2022 18:55)

MOSCOW, July 26 - RIA Novosti. The operation of the International Space Station should be continued until a tangible backlog is created for the new Russian Orbital Service Station (ROSS), said Vladimir Solovyov, General Designer of RSC Energia.

"Of course, we need to continue operating the ISS until we create a more or less tangible reserve for ROSS," Solovyov said in an interview with Russian Space magazine.

He specified that a flight from one station to another would be impossible, but Russia would be able to "ensure the efficient operation of both the Russian segment of the ISS and the ROSS."

“We have such experience. In addition, we must take into account that if we stop manned flights for several years, then it will be very difficult to restore what has been achieved,” Solovyov noted.

Earlier Tuesday, the new head of Roskosmos, Yuri Borisov, reported to Russian President Vladimir Putin that Russia would fulfill all its international obligations and withdraw from the ISS project in 2024. Sending the first module of the new Russian station into orbit is expected no earlier than 2028.

https://ria.ru/20220726/mks-1805161681.html

[Rondaz]

Musk commented on Russia's decision to withdraw from the ISS project in 2024.

Elon Musk wished Russia a happy journey because of the decision to withdraw from the ISS project.

20:04 07/26/2022 (updated: 02:56 07/27/2022)

WASHINGTON, July 26 - RIA Novosti. American entrepreneur, owner of SpaceX, Elon Musk , reacted to Russia's decision to withdraw from the International Space Station project in 2024 with the wish of a "happy journey".

"Bon voyage," Musk wrote in French on his Twitter account in response to an article by the Space.com profile publication about the statement by the new head of Roscosmos , Yuri Borisov , that the decision to withdraw Russia from the ISS project after 2024 has been made.

Borisov, who recently replaced Dmitry Rogozin in this post , reported the decision to President Vladimir Putin . NASA , which, along with European partners, plans to use the ISS until 2030, has not yet commented on Moscow 's plans to withdraw from the ISS project in 2024, saying that it has not received official notification from Russia about this.

Musk has repeatedly argued with the former head of the Russian space department Rogozin on Twitter. Both space and earthly affairs, in particular the situation in Ukraine , became the topics of their caustic remarks about each other .

As Vladimir Solovyov , general designer for manned systems and complexes of Russia, general designer of RSC Energia, noted on Tuesday , the construction of a new Russian orbital service station (ROSS) will begin no earlier than 2028, the new station can be used as a base for flights to the Moon , it can a lunar ship "assigned" to it will appear.

https://ria.ru/20220726/mask-1805185792.html

https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1551958919140048898

[Rondaz]

The United States is thinking about how to neutralize the consequences of Russia's withdrawal from the ISS.

White House: US is exploring ways to offset the negative consequences of Russia's withdrawal from the ISS.

07/26/2022 22:52 (updated: 07/26/2022 23:05)

WASHINGTON, July 26 - RIA Novosti. The United States is exploring ways to mitigate the negative effects of Russia's withdrawal from the International Space Station and will work with partners to ensure the safety of the station and its crew, said John Kirby, strategic communications coordinator at the National Security Council.

He told reporters that the American administration had not received official notification from the Russian authorities of its intention to leave the project after 2024.

“We are certainly looking into ways to mitigate any potential impact on the ISS beyond 2024 if Russia does exit. This is a responsible approach to the situation in light of the reports we have seen,” Kirby said during the briefing.

"The United States remains committed to working with all ISS partners to ensure safe operation, the safety of the astronauts on board," he added.

On Tuesday, the new head of Roskosmos , Yuri Borisov , reported to President Vladimir Putin about the decision that Russia would withdraw from the ISS project in 2024 and build its own orbital station. NASA , which along with European partners plans to use the ISS until 2030, has not yet commented on Moscow 's plans to withdraw from the ISS project in 2024, saying it has not received official notification from Russia.

As the general designer for manned systems and complexes of Russia, general designer of RSC Energia Vladimir Solovyov noted, the construction of a new Russian orbital service station (ROSS) will begin no earlier than 2028, the new station can be used as a base for flights to the Moon , it may have " the lunar ship assigned to it.

https://ria.ru/20220726/mks-1805206721.html

[Steven Pietrobon]

Here are the images showing the early and later configurations of ROSS.

[deadman1204]

I think this "russia leaving the iss" is another false alarm thing - no different from Rogozin.

Russia won't just end their human space flight for almost a decade while they start building a new station (2028 is totally not gonna happen).  Russia will keep doing the ISS cause they won't have anything else for a long time still.

[electricdawn]

The question is, if Putin cares. I don't think he does. He wants to hurt the west and specifically the USA as much as he can, so its only natural for him to pull Russia out of ISS.

At least that's MHO.

[Steve G]

Putin could finance ROSS with his pocket change but has no real interest in it. I seriously doubt it will ever fly.

[Rondaz]

It is expected that at the second phase, the crews and the cargo will be delivered to #ROSS using the #Oryol spacecraft launched on Angara A5M.
https://twitter.com/katlinegrey/status/1552254554770735107

[Rondaz]

The first crews will fly to #ROSS on Soyuz twice a year from Baikonur, and cargo will be delivered by Progress ships. It is expected that in 2030 the first phase will be completed (very optimistic plan in my humble opinion - K.P.).

https://twitter.com/katlinegrey/status/1552231465638924288

[Rondaz]

At the second phase, another two big modules - a Purpose module and a Production module - and a partly pressurized Service platform for the maintenance of the satellites will be added.

https://twitter.com/katlinegrey/status/1552240765711138817

[Rondaz]

The Service platform will provide a possibility to re-equip, refuel and and re-sent into orbit satellites  with help of inter orbital tugs specifically designed for that.

https://twitter.com/katlinegrey/status/1552241923649314816

[Rondaz]

In the Production module, it will be possible to conduct different experiments in the field of space technologies, biotechnology, nanotechnology, micro- and nanoelectronics. The same applies to solving urgent problems in the field of biotechnology.

https://twitter.com/katlinegrey/status/1552252018131083264

[Rondaz]

This module will be a place to store necessary equipment and details, there will be also a place for assembly and testing of automatic devices, and for the preparation, adjustment and repair of equipment.

https://twitter.com/katlinegrey/status/1552253326137376768

[Rondaz]

The Purpose module will be equipped with universal work places (URMs) to place experiments inside and outside the module, like it was made on Nauka.

https://twitter.com/katlinegrey/status/1552253833094602755

[deadman1204]

The Purpose module will be equipped with universal work places (URMs) to place experiments inside and outside the module, like it was made on Nauka.

https://twitter.com/katlinegrey/status/1552253833094602755

You forgot the tweet by Katya that states they won't leave the ISS until they have their new station.

[B. Hendrickx]

All the information in the latest posts here is from an interview with Vladimir Solovyov (Roscosmos' general director of piloted programs) published in the latest issue of “Russkiy kosmos” magazine. It’s been quite a while since Roscosmos has given this amount of information on ROSS, so I thought it would be interesting to reproduce the interview here in its entirety. I ran it through DeepL and made some adjustments to make it better readable.
 
In the introduction it is said that two inclinations for ROSS (51.6° and 97°) were discussed during a joint meeting of Roscosmos and the Academy of Sciences' Space Council in late May. In the interview, Solovyov talks only about plans for a station in a 97° inclination orbit (called the "high-latitude" version of the station), which now seems to be the favored option.   

I’ll split this into three parts:
1) the need for a high-latitude space station
2) assembly of the station
3) station operations

THE NEED FOR A HIGH-LATITUDE SPACE STATION


- Why is it necessary to build a new station?

- Since the early 1970s, the Soviet Union and then Russia have been working on a program of long-duration manned orbital flights. First of all, we tried to create reliable transportation systems, systems ensuring the comfortable and safe stay of a human being in orbit, highly effective power supply systems, reliable and very precise navigation and orientation systems and many other things. Considering the geographical location of the Baikonur cosmodrome, and the additional velocity provided by the Earth’s rotation, launching into a 51.6° inclination gave us the best possible payload mass to low Earth orbit. This was the most effective way of carrying out the aforementioned tasks, for which the orbital inclination played no significant role.

The main disadvantages of continuing to use this inclination are now clearly visible: it is impossible to cover most of Russia's territory, which is mainly located at higher latitudes. In addition, launching into a 51.6° inclination from the Vostochnyy cosmodrome, the main launch site for the future manned program, entails high expenses for search and rescue.

Moreover, the heads of the ISS partner space agencies decided that the station would operate until 2024, and we need to decide now what to do in the future and start working on manned programs that will be carried out after 2024.

It is not a secret that the 15-year life expectancy of the first ISS modules has been exceeded more than 1.5 times. Lately cosmonauts have had to spend more and more time on maintenance and repair of on-board systems which have exceeded their design lifetime. The crew has less and less time for scientific experiments.

Discussions on the future evolution of the Russian manned space program have been going on for a long time. The Space Council of the Russian Academy of Sciences discussed this issue six years ago. Various departments took part in the discussion and companies belonging to Roscosmos tabled their proposals.

While not abandoning Earth orbital programs, NASA decided to return to the manned lunar program in earnest. All ISS partners, except Russia, have joined their lunar project. For the Roscosmos leadership, it became clear that it makes no sense for us to participate in the U.S. lunar project on the sidelines. Before sending cosmonauts to the Moon, it is necessary to determine the necessity of this serious and very expensive step and to carry out a large amount of research with automatic devices.

Without belittling the importance of lunar exploration programs, RKK Energiya has suggested that top priority should be given to a Russian orbital service station (ROSS) with an orbital inclination of about 97°. The Science and Power Module (NEM), originally designed for the Russian ISS segment, should become the basis of ROSS. This proposal has been approved by the country's leadership.

- If this project is definitively approved, won't that push back our manned lunar program too much?

- I completely agree with Viktor Khartov, the general designer of automated space systems. During an excellent presentation at the Korolyov Academic Readings he explained why it is necessary to first create the necessary unmanned infrastructure on the Moon and only then implement a manned lunar program, having first prepared substantial groundwork for a lunar base on Earth. Simply putting a Russian flag on the Moon and spending colossal amounts of money on it is irrational. I believe there is enough room at the south pole of the Moon for everyone. Deploying a scientific station there should be done with caution, ensuring, above all, the safety of astronauts. The reliable conquest of the Moon is an expensive business. I think it is very important to integrate the efforts of different countries, as it was shown by the ISS program.


- What is special about the high-latitude version of ROSS?

- There were two decisive factors that played a role in choosing a high-inclination orbit. First, such an orbit will make it possible to see a maximum amount of Russian territory from the station. The 51.6° inclination orbit of ISS allows us to observe only about 10 % of our country directly under the station’s flight path.

Second, it is necessary to conduct initial biomedical research in an orbit where the human organism is less protected by the Earth's magnetosphere from cosmic radiation. This, in turn, is required to understand what will be faced by future interplanetary expeditions, which will also lack such protection.

As a result, we settled on a unique Sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 372 km and with an inclination of 96.9° (334 km and 96.8° in the first phase), which will permanently provide favorable conditions to observe our own (and other!) territory.

Besides, this orbit will make it possible to observe not only the entire territory of our country, but also both poles with optical, infrared, ultraviolet and other detectors, as well as with radars. We can do this every 90 minutes, which is very important. It will allow us to track the movement of various objects near the Earth's poles, which gives a fundamentally new quality to space research.

ROSS will operate in automatic mode and will be visited as required. As a result, the station will be used more effectively, not only for scientific and economic purposes.

- Why is this version of ROSS to be human-tended rather than permanently inhabited? Isn’t this a step backwards?

- By deploying this version of ROSS we intend to change the philosophy of manned spaceflight and make the station more technically advanced and efficient in terms of experiments and research. It is no secret that for several reasons things are not going very well with our experiments on the ISS (Mir was not very scientifically productive either). The problem lies not only in funding, but also in the fact that the ISS imposes certain limitations. For example, it is always in a fixed orientation, which is not always convenient for several types of Earth and space observations. Of course, there is also a lack of power, which hampers many power-hungry experiments, for example, materials science experiments and others.

In addition, a permanent human presence in orbit is very costly. It is quite expensive to supply the crew with food, clothes, oxygen and water. Moreover, flying partially outside the Earth's magnetosphere increases the radiation dose that the cosmonauts are exposed to, which places a certain limit on the duration of the missions.

However, scientists of the Academy of Sciences’ Space Research Institute (IKI) have a whole set of instruments for research in the field of cosmic ray physics which would be very interesting to place on the station. But these instruments will first have to be prepared to work reliably in an automatic mode and this will have to be done by humans. A robot can't do this kind of work.

We should not forget that a human being is a vulnerable creature, while space is an aggressive environment. According to preliminary calculations, crews will be able to work aboard the station for one or two months at a time to carry out commissioning and repair work as well as spacewalks without any harm to their health. Therefore, we are proposing to operate ROSS in automatic mode for long periods of time. The idea is to send crews to ROSS only when enough work has accumulated that can be done only by cosmonauts. We still need to find a reasonable balance between the duration and frequency of missions. A step forward is that Russia is moving from the manned exploration phase to the phase of using low-Earth orbit (?).


Figure 1:  Various possible inclinations for the station and launch trajectories from Vostochnyy. When launching into a 97° orbit, helicopters will be deployed over the Arctic region for possible search and rescue efforts.

Figure 2: Area that can be seen during a 10-minute pass over the Arctic region

[B. Hendrickx]

ASSEMBLY OF ROSS

- How are you planning to build the high-latitude ROSS?

- We are proposing to build it in two phases. If the decision to build it is made by the end of the year, the first phase will start in 2028 with an Angara-A5M rocket launching the Science and Power Module (NEM). NEM will need to be outfitted with various systems, including a set of gyrodins, in order to be able to use it as the main module for several years.

Next up will be the Node and Airlock Modules, which will be launched together with an Angara-5M rocket from Vostochnyy. The Node Module is equipped with six docking ports and will be almost identical to the Node Module (Prichal) which was delivered to the ISS last year. The Airlock Module will make it possible to perform spacewalks from the station.provide an opportunity to exit the module for work in open space.

After the docking of the Node Module in 2028, it will be possible to send the first crew to the station on a Soyuz spacecraft to be launched by a Soyuz-2.1b rocket from Baikonur. They will activate the station and start the first experiments. After the crew returns to Earth, ROSS will operate in an automatic mode.

The next module to arrive at the station will be the Base Module, which is the same size as NEM and has the same large solar panels. The set of batteries on the NEM and the Base Module will generate up to 55 kW of electric power, which is sufficient for various power-hungry experiments such as radar observations. Like NEM, the Base module most likely will have two have two sleeping quarters and a toilet for astronauts. This will make it possible to create comfortable conditions for a crew of four. At that point ROSS will have a mass of about 55 tons and a pressurized volume of 217 m3. This will mark the end of the first phase of construction (2030).

We are assuming that in the early stage of construction crews will visit ROSS twice a year and that cargo will be delivered by Progress ships launched by Soyuz-2.1b rockets.


- What kind of construction work will be done on ROSS during the second stage?

- The second stage, which we are planning to start in 2030, will involve the addition of two more big modules, the Purpose Module and the Production Module. In addition, a partially pressurized Satellite Servicing Platform will be delivered to ROSS, where new unmanned satellites can be re-equipped, refueled and sent back to their orbits. These satellites must have the capability of being repaired and refueled in orbit and their orbits must be coordinated with the ROSS orbit. We worked out in-orbit refueling techniques back in 1978. Even the Europeans bought this system from us for their ATV cargo ship, so it would be a shame not to use it for refueling satellites.

Meanwhile, we must also develop a kind of interorbital space tug to transfer satellites to the station and back to their nominal orbits. Such a capability should offer many new prospects.  Our "colleagues" in the United States have already built such a tug. In the first test they maneuvered a malfunctioning satellite from geostationary orbit to a graveyard orbit. In another test, also in geostationary orbit, they docked a tug with a satellite that had run out of fuel and now control the satellite using the tug.

By the end of the second phase, the station will weigh about 122 tons and have a pressurized volume of 505 m3, and will be much larger than the Russian segment of the ISS. In this phase, astronauts and cargo will be launched into orbit and returned from orbit by a cargo-passenger vehicle based on the Oryol transport ship and launched from Vostochnyy using the Angara-A5M.

I think it is very important to make sure that the construction of ROSS does not become a long process. Nowadays, everyone - both government leaders, the industry and the people - gets annoyed when it takes a very long time to create something new. There are, of course, many reasons for this. But I hope this will not happen with ROSS. We need to develop and make the most of new technologies that will allow us to build different elements of the station on Earth in parallel and put them into orbit in a reasonable time. I believe that the time intervals for the first and second phases of ROSS assembly, as outlined in our proposal, can be significantly shortened.

Figure 3: Configuration of ROSS after phase 1
Figure 4: Configuration of ROSS after phase 2
Figure 5: Series of satellites and spacecraft that can work in conjunction with ROSS. This includes a satellite to inspect the outer surface of the station (upper left) and a space tug (lower right).

[B. Hendrickx]

STATION OPERATIONS

- What is the purpose of the Production Module and the Purpose Module?

- The Production Module can be used to carry out experiments in the field of space technology and materials science, making it possible to develop methods to produce semiconductor crystals and films, some of them using molecular beam epitaxy. Achieving significant results in this area could give a major boost to Russian nanotechnology and micro- and nanoelectronics. The same applies to the field of biotechnology.

The Purpose Module will be used for storage of components, assembly and testing of automatic devices. It will also make it possible to prepare, adjust and repair advanced hardware that is being tested. The Purpose Module will be equipped with external universal workstations and - for connection of scientific equipment - with internal universal racks, connected to a high-performance computer network for information exchange and storage. Also indispensable will be universal software.

Depending on the scientific program, this module can be equipped for various purposes such as space medicine, biotechnology, materials science, space technology, for visual and instrumental Earth observation, for educational experiments and so on.

In other words, we will see a new stage in developing technology for exchangeable payloads, which is already being implemented on the Russian segment of the ISS.

- Will it be possible for crews to work simultaneously on the ISS and ROSS?

- Yes, of course. We definitely need to continue to operate the ISS until we have created a more or less tangible reserve for ROSS. Although the ISS and ROSS will have different orbital inclinations and it will not be possible to fly from one station to the other, we are capable of efficiently operating both the ISS Russian segment and ROSS. We already have that experience. In addition, we should not forget that if we stop manned flights for a few years, it will be very difficult to restore what we have achieved. A concrete example is the Energiya-Buran program.

- Is it planned to launch Oryol from the Plesetsk cosmodrome?

- We have not yet considered or proposed this. At the moment the only launch site for Oryol is Vostochnyy, where the construction of the launch complex for the Angara-A5 is in full swing.

- At last year's Korolyov Academic Readings you said that ROSS could include an inflatable module with a centrifuge. Has this idea been abandoned?

- We are not going to abandon any useful ideas. RKK Energiya and Zvezda have indeed been working together on an inflatable module. The Americans are already testing such a module on their ISS segment and we are also planning to do this. As for the centrifuge, the Institute of Biomedical Problems (IMBP) has a short-radius centrifuge, which is used for interesting experiments on the ground. RKK Energiya has been working on installing such a centrifuge on an inflatable module. We are still thinking about the overall configuration of the station and looking for a way to incorporate this centrifuge module into ROSS.

- What kind of experiments and work could be done on the high-latitude station?

- I already mentioned this when talking about the Production and Purpose Modules. We have also looked at many other options. For example, we could install a control center for a cloud of small satellites and a system for servicing unmanned spacecraft [on the outside of the station]. Of course, we will also test new materials, high-speed information interfaces, man-machine interfaces as well as new closed-cycle life support systems thanks to which no more than 5-7% of the consumables will have to be delivered from Earth. And, of course, robotic systems. Most likely we will also do experiments and observations in the interests of our country's national security.

We may also be able to refine the mathematical model of the Earth's atmosphere above the poles, investigate auroral phenomena and develop methods for more reliable weather prediction from space.

- Is ROSS seen as a stepping-stone to a manned lunar mission?

- Yes, of course. With the necessary political will and sufficient funding, ROSS could be used as a base for assembling a lunar or Martian complex. This could be achieved by using effective dual-launch schemes in which the crew is first delivered to the station and then waits for the arrival of the upper stage that will propel them to the Moon. Dual-launch schemes make it possible to reduce the required payload capacity of rockets and to switch from expensive super-heavy launch vehicles to more affordable heavy rockets.

For flying to the Moon, the crew can to use a spacecraft arriving at the station from Earth,
or even a reusable spacecraft which is permanently based at ROSS. In this way ROSS would become a kind of space port. Calculations show that such an approach is feasible. Cargo for the lunar missions, on the other hand, will have to be delivered to orbits with an inclination of 51.6°, which is closer to the ecliptic and benefits more [from the Earth’s rotation].

- You mentioned several times the Soyuz-2.1b rocket for launching Soyuz and Progress spacecraft during the first phase of ROSS construction...

- Yes, we discussed this with Dmitriy Baranov, the general director of the Progress Rocket and Space Center. In order to fly to 97° inclination orbit we will definitely need to switch to the Soyuz-2.1b rocket. It is not certified for manned flights yet, but neither was Soyuz-2.1a for some time. We man-rated it using Progress vehicles and now use it for Soyuz MS launches. We will probably do the same with the Soyuz-2.1b.

- Will it be possible to use the Soyuz MS for launches into a 97° into orbit or will it have to be significantly modified?

- In the first phase we will need the tried-and-tested Soyuz. The more powerful Soyuz-2.1b  will be able to launch practically the same mass into the high-inclination orbit as the Soyuz-2.1a currently places into a 51.6° inclination orbit, so the mass of the Soyuz spacecraft will not have to be significantly reduced and, hence, it does not need to be modified. It will be able to fly to the high-latitude ROSS with a three-man crew.

- In the second phase of ROSS assembly you are planning to deliver crews using Oryol. How do you intend to deliver cargo? Using modified versions of Progress?

- We are not scrapping Progress and will continue to build and use it, especially in the first phase. At the same time, our specialists are working on [three] modifications of Oryol: a crew/cargo version,  a cargo return version and a cargo version. Oryol itself is designed for flights to the Moon, but it can serve as the basis for developing unified spacecraft to support ROSS in a short period of time. A similar approach was followed in the design of manned space stations, when systems of Soyuz and Progress space vehicles were used to develop modules (??).

Preliminary calculations show that with a four-person crew Oryol will be able to deliver up to 500 kg of "dry" cargo from Earth to the station and from the station to Earth. With a crew of two, the amount of dry cargo increases to 750 kg and it will be possible to deliver up to 1500 kg of fuel, 360 kg of water and 120 kg of gases. If the Earth-orbital version of Oryol is approved, we will be able not only be able to deliver cargo and fuel to orbit, but also return a significant amount of cargo back to Earth.


In conclusion, I’d like to say that I’ve been talking about the configuration of the Russian space station as proposed by RKK Energiya. This proposal was supported by the leadership of the space industry and the president. The first phase of the preliminary design is now complete, after which we will make the final decision on what the high-latitude ROSS will look like. During the second phase of the preliminary design the configuration and purpose of the ROSS modules will be worked out in detail. This is a normal process. I really hope that by the end of this year we will be able to convince the government of the need to build a high-latitude station.

If the decision is made and the funding is approved, then during 2022 we will continue to work on the preliminary design. At the same time we will make wider use of  automated design methods and reduce the amount of ground testing through the use of digital models. After approval of the preliminary design, we will move on to drawing up technical documentation. After that we will go through all the usual steps leading up to the launch of the first modules of the station in 2028.

Figure 6: three modifications of Oryol to support ROSS. Left: crew/cargo version, middle: cargo return version, right: cargo version.

[Rondaz]

The Purpose module will be equipped with universal work places (URMs) to place experiments inside and outside the module, like it was made on Nauka.

https://twitter.com/katlinegrey/status/1552253833094602755

You forgot the tweet by Katya that states they won't leave the ISS until they have their new station.

Here you go..

Soloviev believes, it is necessary to continue to use the Russian segment of the ISS until the first phase of ROSS will be ready to launch, to not to have a pause in crewed flights.

https://twitter.com/katlinegrey/status/1552255177616461826

[Steven Pietrobon]

The transliterations of the Russian names for each of the modules. Hopefully I haven't made too many errors.

Научно Енергетиеский Модуль (Nauchno Energeticheskiy Modul' (NEM), Scientific Energy Module)
Узловой Модуль (Uzlovoy Modul', Node Module)
Шлюзовой Модуль (Shlyuzovoy Modul', Airlock Module)
Базовый Модуль (Bazovyi Modul', Base Module)
Целевой Модуль (Tselevoy Modul', Purpose Module)
Произодственный Модуль (Proizvodstvennyi Modul', Production Module)
Платформа Обслуживания (Platforma Obsluzhivaniya, Service Platform)