Author Topic: Astronomy & Planetary Science Thread  (Read 442317 times)

Offline jebbo

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Re: Exoplanet Thread
« Reply #80 on: 06/20/2017 12:25 pm »
You are quite right! I should have re-read the paper as I clearly misremembered it.  What I should have said was "photoevaporation valley", which has two competing theories on cause.

The joys of getting up at 5:30am with insufficient coffee :-)

--- Tony

Offline Alpha_Centauri

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Re: Exoplanet Thread
« Reply #81 on: 06/20/2017 12:52 pm »
I would say you are forgiven, but then again no one is allowed to be wrong on the internet.  :P
« Last Edit: 06/20/2017 12:52 pm by Alpha_Centauri »

Offline Star One

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Exoplanet Thread
« Reply #82 on: 06/20/2017 07:03 pm »
A New Classification Scheme for Kepler Planets

https://www.centauri-dreams.org/?p=37972

This seems to make an indirect case for planet nine being as that's meant to be our missing mini-Neptune.
« Last Edit: 06/20/2017 07:22 pm by Star One »

Offline Star One

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Re: Exoplanet Thread
« Reply #83 on: 06/23/2017 08:52 pm »

Offline Star One

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Exoplanet Thread
« Reply #84 on: 06/27/2017 10:56 am »
Betelgeuse captured by ALMA

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This orange blob shows the nearby star Betelgeuse, as seen by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). This is the first time that ALMA has ever observed the surface of a star and this first attempt has resulted in the highest-resolution image of Betelgeuse available.

Betelgeuse is one of the largest stars currently known — with a radius around 1400 times larger than the Sun’s in the millimeter continuum. About 600 light-years away in the constellation of Orion (The Hunter), the red supergiant burns brightly, causing it to have only a short life expectancy. The star is just about eight million years old, but is already on the verge of becoming a supernova. When that happens, the resulting explosion will be visible from Earth, even in broad daylight.

The star has been observed in many other wavelengths, particularly in the visible, infrared, and ultraviolet. Using ESO’s Very Large Telescope astronomers discovered a vast plume of gas almost as large as our Solar System. Astronomers have also found a gigantic bubble that boils away on Betelgeuse’s surface. These features help to explain how the star is shedding gas and dust at tremendous rates (eso0927, eso1121). In this picture, ALMA observes the hot gas of the lower chromosphere of Betelgeuse at sub-millimeter wavelengths — where localised increased temperatures explain why it is not symmetric. Scientifically, ALMA can help us to understand the extended atmospheres of these hot, blazing stars.
« Last Edit: 06/27/2017 10:57 am by Star One »

Offline CuddlyRocket


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Re: Exoplanets And Stars Thread
« Reply #86 on: 06/28/2017 09:47 am »
Groundbreaking discovery confirms existence of orbiting supermassive black holes

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For the first time ever, astronomers at The University of New Mexico say they've been able to observe and measure the orbital motion between two supermassive black holes hundreds of millions of light years from Earth - a discovery more than a decade in the making.
UNM Department of Physics & Astronomy graduate student Karishma Bansal is the first-author on the paper, 'Constraining the Orbit of the Supermassive Black Hole Binary 0402+379', recently published in The Astrophysical Journal. She, along with UNM Professor Greg Taylor and colleagues at Stanford, the U.S. Naval Observatory and the Gemini Observatory, have been studying the interaction between these black holes for 12 years.
"For a long time, we've been looking into space to try and find a pair of these supermassive black holes orbiting as a result of two galaxies merging," said Taylor. "Even though we've theorized that this should be happening, nobody had ever seen it until now."
In early 2016, an international team of researchers, including a UNM alumnus, working on the LIGO project detected the existence of gravitational waves, confirming Albert Einstein's 100-year-old prediction and astonishing the scientific community. These gravitational waves were the result two stellar mass black holes (~30 solar mass) colliding in space within the Hubble time. Now, thanks to this latest research, scientists will be able to start to understand what leads up to the merger of supermassive black holes that creates ripples in the fabric of space-time and begin to learn more about the evolution of galaxies and the role these black holes play in it.
Using the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), a system made up of 10 radio telescopes across the U.S. and operated in Socorro, N.M., researchers have been able to observe several frequencies of radio signals emitted by these supermassive black holes (SMBH). Over time, astronomers have essentially been able to plot their trajectory and confirm them as a visual binary system. In other words, they've observed these black holes in orbit with one another.


Read more at: https://phys.org/news/2017-06-groundbreaking-discovery-orbiting-supermassive-black.html#jCp

Offline Star One

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Re: Exoplanets And Stars Thread
« Reply #87 on: 07/04/2017 04:12 pm »
Probability of CME Impact on Exoplanets Orbiting M Dwarfs and Solar-Like Stars

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Solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) produce adverse space weather effects at Earth. Planets in the close habitable zone of magnetically active M dwarfs may experience more extreme space weather than at Earth, including frequent CME impacts leading to atmospheric erosion and leaving the surface exposed to extreme flare activity. Similar erosion may occur for hot Jupiters with close orbits around solar-like stars. We have developed a model, Forecasting a CME's Altered Trajectory (ForeCAT), which predicts a CME's deflection. We adapt ForeCAT to simulate CME deflections for the mid-type M dwarf V374 Peg and hot Jupiters with solar-type hosts. V374 Peg's strong magnetic fields can trap CMEs at the M dwarfs's Astrospheric Current Sheet, the location of the minimum in the background magnetic field. Solar-type CMEs behave similarly, but have much smaller deflections and do not get trapped at the Astrospheric Current Sheet. The probability of planetary impact decreases with increasing inclination of the planetary orbit with respect to the Astrospheric Current Sheet - 0.5 to 5 CME impacts per day for M dwarf exoplanets, 0.05 to 0.5 CME impacts per day for solar-type hot Jupiters. We determine the minimum planetary magnetic field necessary to shield a planet's atmosphere from the CME impacts. M dwarf exoplanets require values between tens and hundreds of Gauss. Hot Jupiters around a solar-type star, however, require a more reasonable <30 G. These values exceed the magnitude required to shield a planet from the stellar wind, suggesting CMEs may be the key driver of atmospheric losses.

https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.02683

Offline Star One

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Re: Exoplanets And Stars Thread
« Reply #88 on: 07/04/2017 07:24 pm »
Isotope shift and search for metastable superheavy elements in astrophysical data

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Spectral lines belonging to the short-lifetime heavy radioactive elements up to Es (Z=99) have been found in the spectra of the Przybylski's star. We suggest that these unstable elements may be decay products of a "magic" metastable nucleus belonging to the the island of stability where the nuclei have a magic number of neutrons N=184. The laboratory-produced nuclei have a significantly smaller number of neutrons. To identify spectra of the N=184 isotopes of these nuclei and their neutron-reach superheavy decay products in astrophysical data we calculate the isotope shift which should be added to the laboratory - measured wavelenghs. The results for the isotopic shifts in the strongest optical electromagnetic transitions in No, Lr, Nh, Fl,and Z=120 elements are presented.

https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.04250

Offline Star One

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Exoplanets And Stars Thread
« Reply #89 on: 07/06/2017 07:41 pm »
A cosmic barbecue: Researchers spot 60 new 'hot Jupiter' candidates

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-07/yu-acb070617.php
« Last Edit: 07/06/2017 08:01 pm by Star One »

Offline CuddlyRocket

Re: Exoplanets And Stars Thread
« Reply #90 on: 07/07/2017 05:40 am »
^^ Paper on arXiv

Interesting new technique for finding exoplanets, relying on an increase in light flux from a stellar system due to the added light reflected from the exoplanets, rather than a decrease due to a transit. The authors note that their technique needs to be validated by corroboration using doppler measurements, but if it is then it could also be used on other databases of light flux.

Offline Star One

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Re: Exoplanets And Stars Thread
« Reply #91 on: 07/07/2017 06:59 am »
^^ Paper on arXiv

Interesting new technique for finding exoplanets, relying on an increase in light flux from a stellar system due to the added light reflected from the exoplanets, rather than a decrease due to a transit. The authors note that their technique needs to be validated by corroboration using doppler measurements, but if it is then it could also be used on other databases of light flux.
Isn't that paper directly related to the finding of those 60 hot Jupiter candidates covered in the article I posted directly above your post?

Offline Star One

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Re: Exoplanets And Stars Thread
« Reply #92 on: 07/07/2017 03:50 pm »
The low-mass content of the massive young star cluster RCW 38

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RCW 38 is a deeply embedded young (~1 Myr), massive star cluster located at a distance of 1.7 kpc. Twice as dense as the Orion Nebula Cluster, orders of magnitude denser than other nearby star forming regions, and rich in massive stars, RCW 38 is an ideal place to look for potential differences in brown dwarf formation efficiency as a function of environment. We present deep, high resolution adaptive optics data of the central ~0.5x0.5 pc^2 obtained with NACO at the Very Large Telescope. Through comparison with evolutionary models we determine masses and extinction for ~480 candidate members, and derive the first Initial Mass Function (IMF) of the cluster extending into the substellar regime. Representing the IMF as a set of power laws in the form dN/dM~M^(-alpha), we derive the slope alpha = 1.60+-0.13 for the mass range 0.5 - 20 MSun which is shallower than the Salpeter slope, but in agreement with results in several other young massive clusters. At the low-mass side, we find alpha = 0.71+-0.11 for masses between 0.02 and 0.5 MSun, or alpha = 0.81+-0.08 for masses between 0.02 and 1 MSun. Our result is in agreement with the values found in other young star-forming regions, revealing no evidence that a combination of high stellar densities and the presence of numerous massive stars affect the formation efficiency of brown dwarfs and very-low mass stars. We estimate that the Milky Way galaxy contains between 25 and 100 billion brown dwarfs (with masses > 0.03 MSun).

https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.00277

Offline CuddlyRocket

Re: Exoplanets And Stars Thread
« Reply #93 on: 07/09/2017 07:57 pm »
^^ Paper on arXiv

Interesting new technique for finding exoplanets, relying on an increase in light flux from a stellar system due to the added light reflected from the exoplanets, rather than a decrease due to a transit. The authors note that their technique needs to be validated by corroboration using doppler measurements, but if it is then it could also be used on other databases of light flux.
Isn't that paper directly related to the finding of those 60 hot Jupiter candidates covered in the article I posted directly above your post?

Yes. Hence the two up-arrows at the beginning of my post, which is forum-speak for 'refers to previous post'.

Offline Star One

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Re: Exoplanets And Stars Thread
« Reply #94 on: 07/09/2017 07:59 pm »
^^ Paper on arXiv

Interesting new technique for finding exoplanets, relying on an increase in light flux from a stellar system due to the added light reflected from the exoplanets, rather than a decrease due to a transit. The authors note that their technique needs to be validated by corroboration using doppler measurements, but if it is then it could also be used on other databases of light flux.
Isn't that paper directly related to the finding of those 60 hot Jupiter candidates covered in the article I posted directly above your post?

Yes. Hence the two up-arrows at the beginning of my post, which is forum-speak for 'refers to previous post'.

I missed those using Tapatalk hence the post. So sorry about that.

Offline CuddlyRocket

Re: Exoplanets And Stars Thread
« Reply #95 on: 07/11/2017 04:59 am »
- 2 up-arrows :) -

No problem. I could've just quoted you or spelt things out - but I was being unnecessarily concise, or lazy, or some combination thereof!

Offline Star One

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Re: Exoplanets And Stars Thread
« Reply #96 on: 07/12/2017 09:04 am »
Hidden Stars May Make Planets Appear Smaller

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In the search for planets similar to our own, an important point of comparison is the planet's density. A low density tells scientists a planet is more likely to be gaseous like Jupiter, and a high density is associated with rocky planets like Earth. But a new study suggests some are less dense than previously thought because of a second, hidden star in their systems.

As telescopes stare at particular patches of sky, they can't always differentiate between one star and two. A system of two closely orbiting stars may appear in images as a single point of light, even from sophisticated observatories such as NASA's Kepler space telescope. This can have significant consequences for determining the sizes of planets that orbit just one of these stars, says a forthcoming study in the Astronomical Journal by Elise Furlan of Caltech/IPAC-NExScI in Pasadena, California, and Steve Howell at NASA's Ames Research Center in California's Silicon Valley.

"Our understanding of how many planets are small like Earth, and how many are big like Jupiter, may change as we gain more information about the stars they orbit," Furlan said. "You really have to know the star well to get a good handle on the properties of its planets."

Some of the most well-studied planets outside our solar system -- or exoplanets -- are known to orbit lone stars. We know Kepler-186f, an Earth-size planet in the habitable zone of its star, orbits a star that has no companion (the habitable zone is the distance at which a rocky planet could support liquid water on its surface). TRAPPIST-1, the ultra-cool dwarf star that is home to seven Earth-size planets, does not have a companion either. That means there is no second star complicating the estimation of the planets' diameters, and therefore their densities.

But other stars have a nearby companion, high-resolution imaging has recently revealed. David Ciardi, chief scientist at the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute (NExScI) at Caltech, led a large-scale effort to follow up on stars that Kepler had studied using a variety of ground-based telescopes. This, combined with other research, has confirmed that many of the stars where Kepler found planets have binary companions. In some cases, the diameters of the planets orbiting these stars were calculated without taking the companion star into consideration. That means estimates for their sizes should be smaller, and their densities higher, than their true values.

Previous studies determined that roughly half of all the sun-like stars in our sun's neighborhood have a companion within 10,000 astronomical units (an astronomical unit is equal to the average distance between the sun and Earth, 93 million miles or 150 million kilometers). Based on this, about 15 percent of stars in the Kepler field could have a bright, close companion -- meaning planets around these stars may be less dense than previously thought.

The Transit Problem for Binaries

When a telescope spots a planet crossing in front of its star -- an event called a "transit" -- astronomers measure the resulting apparent decrease in the star's brightness. The amount of light blocked during a transit depends on the size of the planet -- the bigger the planet, the more light it blocks, and the greater the dimming that is observed. Scientists use this information to determine the radius -- half the diameter -- of the planet.

If there are two stars in the system, the telescope measures the combined light of both stars. But a planet orbiting one of these stars will cause just one of them to dim. So, if you don't know that there is a second star, you will underestimate the size of the planet.

For example, if a telescope observes that a star dims by 5 percent, scientists would determine the transiting planet's size relative to that one star. But if a second star adds its light, the planet must be larger to cause the same amount of dimming.

If the planet orbits the brighter star in a binary pair, most of the light in the system comes from that star anyway, so the second star won't have a big effect on the planet's calculated size. But if the planet orbits the fainter star, the larger, primary star contributes more light to the system, and the correction to the calculated planet radius can be large -- it could double, triple or increase even more. This will affect how the planet's orbital distance is calculated, which could impact whether the planet is found to be in the habitable zone.

If the stars are roughly equal in brightness, the "new" radius of the planet is about 40 percent larger than if the light were assumed to come from a single star. Because density is calculated using the cube of the radius, this would mean a nearly three-fold decrease in density. The impact of this correction is most significant for smaller planets because it means a planet that had once been considered rocky could, in fact, be gaseous.

The New Study

In the new study, Furlan and Howell focused on 50 planets in the Kepler observatory's field of view whose masses and radii were previously estimated. These planets all orbit stars that have stellar companions within about 1,700 astronomical units. For 43 of the 50 planets, previous reports of their sizes did not take into account the contribution of light from a second star. That means a revision to their reported sizes is necessary.

In most cases, the change to the planets' reported sizes would be small. Previous research showed that 24 of the 50 planets orbit the bigger, brighter star in a binary pair. Moreover, Furlan and Howell determined that 11 of these planets would be too large to be planets if they orbited the fainter companion star. So, for 35 of the 50 planets, the published sizes will not change substantially.

But for 15 of the planets, they could not determine whether they orbit the fainter or the brighter star in a binary pair. For five of the 15 planets, the stars in question are of roughly equal brightness, so their densities will decrease substantially regardless of which star they orbit.

This effect of companion stars is important for scientists characterizing planets discovered by Kepler, which has found thousands of exoplanets. It will also be significant for NASA's upcoming Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission, which will look for small planets around nearby, bright stars and small, cool stars.

"In further studies, we want to make sure we are observing the type and size of planet we believe we are," Howell said. "Correct planet sizes and densities are critical for future observations of high-value planets by NASA's James Webb Space Telescope. In the big picture, knowing which planets are small and rocky will help us understand how likely we are to find planets the size of our own elsewhere in the galaxy."

For more information about exoplanets, visit:

https://exoplanets.nasa.gov

https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2017-187&rn=news.xml&rst=6893

Offline Star One

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Exoplanets And Stars Thread
« Reply #97 on: 07/12/2017 01:17 pm »
Eight planetary systems found hosting 20 super-Earth & Neptune-mass companions

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A new treasure trove of planets, ranging from worlds with small masses and short orbital periods of less than 15 days to super-Earth-sized planets that can take up to a year to orbit their star, has been discovered by astronomers using the world’s most successful ground-based planet-finding instrument.

The 20 new worlds have been found around eight bright, Sun-like stars by the HARPS (High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher) Echelle Spectograph instrument, mounted on the 3.6m telescope at the European Southern Observatory in Chile. HARPS, which has discovered around 200 planets since 2003, is are able to measure the velocity of a star’s wobble incurred by the gravity of orbiting planets with the extreme precision of 1 m/s.

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One of the systems observed was a binary system containing the stars HD 20781 and HD 20782. Although planets have been found in binary systems before, it is still uncertain how disruptive the gravitational tides from two stars can be to planet formation, or whether there could be long-term interactions between the two stars and their planets which make them unstable.

This system, however, is packed with planets. Orbiting around the star HD 201781 are two super-Earths with orbits of 5.3 and 13.9 days and two Neptune-mass planets with orbits of 29 and 86 days. The brighter star of the two, HD 20782, also has a Jupiter-sized world in an eccentric 595-day orbit.

Jason Dittman an astronomer at Harvard University was excited by the planets in the study and, in particular, this binary system. “These planets are really interesting because they have these longer orbital periods, and they complement the planets from transit surveys like Kepler. If we want a complete picture of what sort of planets exist in the universe, then discoveries like these are vital to the story,” he says.

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Dittman believes that HARPS and other radial velocity surveys in general don’t get enough credit for the amount of time and dedication that goes into their observations.“Detecting planets with periods that are several years long takes a long time to do because you want to see the planet go around the star a couple of times.”

He continued, “The dedication and forward-thinking to get data on a star for many years is amazing. It’s great to see these long-running radial velocity programs continue to hit pay-dirt and find some longer period, eccentric systems with which to test our theories.”

https://astronomynow.com/2017/07/12/eight-planetary-systems-found-hosting-20-super-earth-neptune-mass-companions/
« Last Edit: 07/12/2017 01:29 pm by Star One »

Offline Star One

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Re: Exoplanets And Stars Thread
« Reply #98 on: 07/12/2017 07:25 pm »
Smallest-ever star discovered by astronomers

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The smallest star yet measured has been discovered by a team of astronomers led by the University of Cambridge. With a size just a sliver larger than that of Saturn, the gravitational pull at its stellar surface is about 300 times stronger than what humans feel on Earth.

The star is likely as small as stars can possibly become, as it has just enough mass to enable the fusion of hydrogen nuclei into helium. If it were any smaller, the pressure at the centre of the star would no longer be sufficient to enable this process to take place. Hydrogen fusion is also what powers the Sun, and scientists are attempting to replicate it as a powerful energy source here on Earth.

These very small and dim stars are also the best possible candidates for detecting Earth-sized planets which can have liquid water on their surfaces, such as TRAPPIST-1, an ultracool dwarf surrounded by seven temperate Earth-sized worlds.

The newly-measured star, called EBLM J0555-57Ab, is located about 600 light-years away. It is part of a binary system, and was identified as it passed in front of its much larger companion, a method which is usually used to detect planets, not stars. Details will be published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.

“Our discovery reveals how small stars can be,” said Alexander Boetticher, the lead author of the study, and a Master’s student at Cambridge’s Cavendish Laboratory and Institute of Astronomy. “Had this star formed with only a slightly lower mass, the fusion reaction of hydrogen in its core could not be sustained, and the star would instead have transformed into a brown dwarf.”

https://astronomynow.com/2017/07/12/smallest-ever-star-discovered-by-astronomers/

Offline Star One

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Re: Exoplanets And Stars Thread
« Reply #99 on: 07/13/2017 07:20 pm »
More to Life Than the Habitable Zone

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The teams, both led by researchers at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) in Cambridge, Mass., say the behavior of the star in the TRAPPIST-1 system makes it much less likely than generally thought, that planets there could support life.

The TRAPPIST-1 star, a red dwarf, is much fainter and less massive than the Sun. It is rapidly spinning and generates energetic flares of ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

The first team, a pair of CfA theorists, considered many factors that could affect conditions on the surfaces of planets orbiting red dwarfs. For the TRAPPIST-1 system they looked at how temperature could have an impact on ecology and evolution, plus whether ultraviolet radiation from the central star might erode atmospheres around the seven planets surrounding it. These planets are all much closer to the star than the Earth is to the Sun, and three of them are located well within the habitable zone.

"The concept of a habitable zone is based on planets being in orbits where liquid water could exist," said Manasvi Lingam, a Harvard researcher who led the study. "This is only one factor, however, in determining whether a planet is hospitable for life."

Lingam and his co-author, Harvard professor Avi Loeb, found that planets in the TRAPPIST-1 system would be barraged by UV radiation with an intensity far greater than experienced by Earth.

"Because of the onslaught by the star's radiation, our results suggest the atmosphere on planets in the TRAPPIST-1 system would largely be destroyed," said Loeb. "This would hurt the chances of life forming or persisting."

Lingam and Loeb estimate that the chance of complex life existing on any of the three TRAPPIST-1 planets in the habitable zone is less than 1% of that for life existing on Earth.

In a separate study, another research team from the CfA and the University of Massachusetts in Lowell found that the star in TRAPPIST-1 poses another threat to life on planets surrounding it. Like the Sun, the red dwarf in TRAPPIST-1 is sending a stream of particles outwards into space. However, the pressure applied by the wind from TRAPPIST-1's star on its planets is 1,000 to 100,000 times greater than what the solar wind exerts on the Earth.

The authors argue that the star’s magnetic field will connect to the magnetic fields of any planets in orbit around it, allowing particles from the star’s wind to directly flow onto the planet’s atmosphere. If this flow of particles is strong enough, it could strip the planet's atmosphere and perhaps evaporate it entirely.

https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/2017-20

 

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