Author Topic: ESA - Venus Express updates  (Read 56400 times)

Offline jacqmans

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Re: ESA - Venus Express updates
« Reply #20 on: 12/18/2008 10:05 am »
Venus Express has made the first detection of an atmospheric loss process on Venus's day-side. Last year, the spacecraft revealed that most of the lost atmosphere escapes from the night-side. Together, these discoveries bring planetary scientists closer to understanding what happened to the water on Venus, which is suspected to have once been as abundant as on Earth.

More at:
http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Venus_Express/SEM8MYSTGOF_0.html
Jacques :-)

Offline jacqmans

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Re: ESA - Venus Express updates
« Reply #21 on: 02/24/2009 02:52 pm »
ESA's Venus Express spacecraft has observed an eerie glow in the night-time atmosphere of Venus. This infrared light comes from nitric oxide and is showing scientists that the atmosphere of Earth's nearest neighbour is a temperamental place of high winds and turbulence.

Read more at:
http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMWZ3XX3RF_index_0.html
Jacques :-)

Offline jacqmans

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Re: ESA - Venus Express updates
« Reply #22 on: 07/14/2009 11:33 am »
Venus Express has charted the first map of Venus' southern hemisphere at infrared wavelengths. The new map hints that our neighbouring world may once have been more Earth-like, with a plate tectonics system and an ocean of water.

More at:
http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Venus_Express/SEMUQCLXOWF_0.html
Jacques :-)

Offline jacqmans

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Re: ESA - Venus Express updates
« Reply #23 on: 04/08/2010 06:27 pm »
RELEASE: M10-081

NASA-FUNDED RESEARCH SUGGESTS VENUS IS GEOLOGICALLY ALIVE

WASHINGTON -- For the first time, scientists have detected clear signs
of recent lava flows on the surface of Venus.

The observations reveal that volcanoes on Venus appeared to erupt
between a few hundred years to 2.5 million years ago. This suggests
the planet may still be geologically active, making Venus one of the
few worlds in our solar system that has been volcanically active
within the last 3 million years.

The evidence comes from the European Space Agency's Venus Express
mission, which has been in orbit around the planet since April 2006.
The science results were laid over topographic data from NASA's
Magellan spacecraft. Magellan radar-mapped 98 percent of the surface
and collected high-resolution gravity data while orbiting Venus from
1990 to 1994.

Scientists see compositional differences compared to the surrounding
landscape in three volcanic regions. Relatively young lava flows have
been identified by the way they emit infrared radiation. These
observations suggest Venus is still capable of volcanic eruptions.
The findings appear in the April 8 edition of the journal Science.

"The geological history of Venus has long been a mystery," said Sue
Smrekar, a scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena,
Calif., and lead author of the paper describing the work. "Previous
spacecraft gave us hints of volcanic activity, but we didn't know how
long ago that occurred. Now we have strong evidence right at the
surface for recent eruptions."

The volcanic provinces, or hotspots, on which Smrekar and her team
focused are geologically similar to Hawaii. Scientists previously
detected plumes of hot rising material deep under Venus' surface.
Those plumes are thought to have produced significant volcanic
eruptions. Other data from the planet suggest that volatile gases
commonly spewed from volcanoes were breaking down in its atmosphere.
The rate of volcanism will help scientists determine how the interior
of the planet works and how gases emitted during eruptions affect
climate.

Something is smoothing Venus' surface because the planet has only
about 1000 craters, a relatively small amount compared to other
bodies in our solar system. Scientists think it may be the result of
volcanic activity and want to know if it happens quickly or slowly.
The Venus Express results suggest a gradual sequence of smaller
volcanic eruptions as opposed to a cataclysmic volcanic episode that
resurfaces the entire planet with lava.

Smrekar and her team also discovered that several volcanic features in
the regions they studied show evidence of minerals found in recent
lava flows. These mineral processes correspond to the youngest
volcanic flows in each region, giving scientists additional support
for the idea they formed during recent volcanic activity. On Earth,
lava flows react rapidly with oxygen and other elements in the
atmosphere when they erupt to the surface. On Venus, the process is
similar, although it is more intense and changes the outer layer more
substantially.

Scientists call Venus Earth's sister planet because of similarities in
size, mass, density and volume. Scientists deduce that both planets
shared a common origin, forming at the same time about 4.5 billion
years ago. Venus also is the planet on which the runaway greenhouse
effect was discovered. The planet is cloaked in a much less friendly
atmosphere than Earth. It is composed chiefly of carbon dioxide,
which generates a surface temperature hot enough to melt lead and a
surface pressure 90 times greater than that on Earth.

The small group of worlds in our solar system known to be volcanically
active today includes Earth and Jupiter's moon Io. Crater counts on
Mars also have suggested recent lava flows. Scientists are studying
evidence of another kind of active volcanism that involves
ice-spewing volcanoes on other moons in our solar system.

NASA sponsored Smrekar's research. The European Space Agency built and
manages Venus Express.

To view the spacecraft data and images, visit:

http://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/magellan20100408.html


-end-
Jacques :-)

Offline jacqmans

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Re: ESA - Venus Express updates
« Reply #24 on: 04/08/2010 07:23 pm »
Venus is alive - geologically speaking

8 April 2010
ESA's Venus Express has returned the clearest indication yet that Venus is still geologically active. Relatively young lava flows have been identified by the way they emit infrared radiation. The finding suggests the planet remains capable of volcanic eruptions.

http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMUKVZNK7G_index_0.html
Jacques :-)

Offline jacqmans

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Re: ESA - Venus Express updates
« Reply #25 on: 04/21/2010 01:04 pm »
Surfing an alien atmosphere
 
21 April 2010
Venus Express has completed an 'aerodrag' campaign that used its solar wings as sails to catch faint wisps of the planet’s atmosphere. The test used the orbiter as an exquisitely accurate sensor to measure atmospheric density barely 180 km above the hot planet.

http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMUDKF098G_index_0.html
Jacques :-)

Offline Space Pete

Re: ESA - Venus Express updates
« Reply #26 on: 09/25/2010 03:09 am »
The Strength of Venus Lightning Sparks Interest in the Scientific Community.

Despite the great differences between the atmospheres of Venus and Earth, scientists have discovered that very similar mechanisms produce lightning on the two planets. The rates of discharge, the intensity and the spatial distribution of lightning are comparable, thus scientists hope to be able to better understand the chemistry, dynamics and evolution of the atmospheres of the two planets. These results will be presented by Dr. Christopher Russell at the European Planetary Science Congress, on Thursday 23d September.

Early missions, such as the Venera orbiters and probes, followed later by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter and more recently by the Galileo spacecraft, have reported evidence for optical and electromagnetic waves from Venus that could be produced by lightning. This was also confirmed by ground telescopes capturing lighting flashes at Venus. Yet the differences in the two atmospheres led some to claim that lightning on Venus would be unlikely and the topic became controversial. The launch of Venus Express with its magnetometer built by the Space Research Institute in Graz, Austria, has provided a great opportunity to unambiguously confirm the occurrence of lightning on Venus and to study in detail its magnetic field at altitudes between 200 and 500 km.

“Short strong pulses of the signals expected to be produced by lightning were seen almost immediately upon arrival at Venus, despite the generally unfavorable magnetic field orientation for entry of the signals into the Venus ionosphere at the altitude of the Venus Express measurements,” says Dr. Russell of the University of California, USA. The electromagnetic waves that Dr. Russell and his team observed are strongly guided by the Venusian magnetic field and they can only be detected by the spacecraft when the magnetic field tilts away from the horizontal by more than 15 degrees. This is quite unlike the situation on Earth, where the lightning signals are aided in their entry into the ionosphere by the nearly vertical magnetic field.

When clouds form, on Earth or Venus, the energy that the Sun has deposited in the air can be released in a very powerful electrical discharge. As cloud particles collide, they transfer electrical charge from large particles to small, and the large particles fall while the small particles are carried upward. The separation of charges leads to lightning strokes. This process is important for a planetary atmosphere because it raises the temperature and pressure of a small portion of the atmosphere to a very high value so that molecules can form, which would not otherwise occur at standard atmospheric temperatures and pressures. This is why some scientists have speculated that lightning may have helped life to arise on Earth.

On our planet occur about 100 lightning discharges per second, but from any one location we see far fewer. Similarly on Venus we do not see the entire planet and we have to estimate the total occurrence rate with some assumptions about how far one can see. Thanks to the new datasets from Venus Express, Dr. Russel and colleagues were able to show that lightning is similar in strength on Earth and Venus at the same altitudes. “We have analyzed 3.5 Earth-years of Venus lightning data using the low-altitude Venus Express data (10 minutes per day). By comparing the electromagnetic waves produced at the two planets, we found stronger magnetic signals on Venus, but when converted to energy flux we found very similar lightening strength,” reports Dr. Rusell. Also it seems that lightning is more prevalent on the dayside than at night, and happens more often at low Venusian latitudes where the solar input to the atmosphere is strongest.

 “Venus and Earth are often called twin planets because of their similar size, mass, and interior structure. The generation of lightning is one more way in which Venus and Earth are fraternal twins,” concludes Dr. Russell.

IMAGES

Press release images available at: ftp://igpp.ucla.edu/pub/out

ADDITIONAL  INFORMATION

www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu/VenusLightning/Strength_Venus_Lightning.pdf
Venus lightning: Comparison with terrestrial lightning, C.T. Russell, R.J. Strangeway, J.T.M. Daniels, T.L. Zhang, and H.Y. Wei, 2010, Planetary and Space Science (in press).

The Venus Express mission was launched and is operated by the European Space Agency. The magnetic field instrument was built by the Space Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences under the leadership of T.L. Zhang. C.T. Russell is supported by NASA’s Venus Express Participating Scientist Program.


www.europlanet-eu.org/outreach/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=307&Itemid=1
« Last Edit: 09/25/2010 03:36 am by Space Pete »
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Offline Space Pete

Re: ESA - Venus Express updates
« Reply #27 on: 09/25/2010 03:11 am »
The Many Faces of the Venus Polar Vortex.

A new animation using data from ESA's Venus Express spacecraft shows that the double eye of the giant vortex at Venus's South pole has disappeared.  Results of a study that shows the complex, variable dynamics at the venusian south pole will be presented by Dr. Giuseppe Piccioni at the European Planetary Science Congress, on Thursday 23d September.

Orbiting around Venus since April 11 2006, the ESA mission Venus Express, in particular the VIRTIS (Visible and InfraRed Thermal Imaging Spectrometer) instrument on board, is providing an extensive and unique dataset of great scientific importance, spanning from the surface to the atmosphere and its interaction with the solar wind. VIRTIS is perfectly suited to study Venus from orbit through so called infrared atmospheric windows (very narrow holes at selected wavelengths almost transparent and thus able to transmit the thermal radiance from very deep regions into the Venusian atmosphere). Also, it provides information about temperature of the atmosphere and the clouds’ top, from which it is possible to study its dynamics and in particular the polar vortex.

 The Pioneer Venus mission observed for the first time in 1980 the elliptical shape of a polar vortex with two apparent centres of rotation, in the Venusian northern hemisphere labelling it the dipole of Venus. The VIRTIS instrument, right at the beginning of the Venus Express mission, observed for the first time a very similar shape in the southern hemisphere. This discovery revealed a North-South symmetry on Venus and, at a first glance, confirmed the stability of the dipole. However, in the course of the mission, systematic observations with VIRTIS showed a large number of different shapes of the vortex, complex configurations with a not well identified stable feature.

“We had ironically observed it in a dipole configuration right at the beginning of the mission. But we soon discovered that this was just a coincidence, since the dipole in reality is not a stable feature on Venus but just one shape among others,” says Dr. Piccioni.

Dr. Piccioni and colleagues also tracked the clouds in the Venusian atmosphere in order to measure the wind speeds of the significant atmospheric “super-rotation” rotating 60 times faster than its solid body. Measuring the solar light as is reflected or transmitted at different wavelengths they were able to probe different altitude levels within the atmosphere. “We found a significant vertical shear (change of winds with height) at low latitudes, with winds doubling from the lower clouds to the clouds’ top,” says Dr. Piccioni. “However, the shear disappeared at higher latitudes, in combination with a decreasing wind speed toward the pole” he adds.

In fact, the polar region of Venus is known for its very peculiar dynamics, quite different than the rest of the planet. A permanent giant vortex, extending more than 3000 km, dominates its dynamics with, on average, an almost solid body rotation. This is quite contrary to the vertical shear in the mid-to-low latitudes, observed by Dr. Piccioni’s team. The ring surrounding the polar region, known as cold collar, acts as a real barrier of separation between the two rotation zones.

Starting from this December, Venus Express will not be alone any more orbiting around Venus, because the Japanese mission Planet-C, launched last May, will join it into the adventure of exploring the mysterious sister planet.


www.europlanet-eu.org/outreach/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=306&Itemid=1
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Offline jacqmans

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Re: ESA - Venus Express updates
« Reply #28 on: 10/07/2010 12:01 pm »
Venus Express finds planetary atmospheres such a drag
 
7 October 2010
The polar atmosphere of Venus is thinner than expected. How do we know? Because ESA's Venus Express has actually been there. Instead of looking from orbit, Venus Express has flown through the upper reaches of the planet's poisonous atmosphere.

http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Venus_Express/SEMVIWSOREG_0.html
Jacques :-)

Offline Space Pete

Re: ESA - Venus Express updates
« Reply #29 on: 10/12/2010 07:04 pm »
Venus Express probes the planet's atmosphere by flying through it.

ESA's Venus Express is exploring the density of the Venusian upper atmosphere by measuring how much the planet's atmosphere itself slows down or twists the pointing of the spacecraft. New density measurements, centred on the Northern Pole and obtained during these atmospheric drag experiments, show an unexpected inhomogeneous pattern in the atmosphere of our neighbouring planet. These latest results from the Venus Express Atmospheric Drag Experiment are being presented, this week, at the 42nd annual meeting of the Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society held in Pasadena, California.

In orbit around Venus since 2006, the Venus Express spacecraft has been monitoring the atmosphere of our neighbouring planet with a broad suite of instruments. Although none of these instruments can directly collect and analyse samples of atmospheric gas, two techniques have been developed to perform in-situ measurements of the density of the Venusian atmosphere by making use of the whole spacecraft as a laboratory.

One of the methods exploits the drag effect that the Venus Express spacecraft experiences while moving through the planet's atmosphere. In fact, the atmosphere slows the spacecraft down, slightly altering its trajectory, and by measuring this effect it is possible to estimate the atmospheric density. This is the concept lying behind the Venus Express Atmospheric Drag Experiment (VExADE) which has been running as a series of measurement campaigns since 2008. VExADE yields local measurements of the density, in contrast to the remote measurements obtained by the onboard instruments.

"The drag effect represents a unique opportunity to perform in-situ measurements of Venus' atmospheric density," explains Håkan Svedhem, Venus Express Project Scientist. "Moreover, drag measurements probe the upper level of the atmosphere, about 180 kilometres above the surface, a region that is inaccessible to remote sensing observations which only target lower layers, at 140 kilometres and below," he adds. Along with the other instruments on board Venus Express, the atmospheric drag campaigns contribute to the creation of a complete picture of the planet's atmosphere.

Another technique, which has been tested earlier this year and employed in the latest VExADE campaign, was proposed by the Flight Dynamics team at ESOC led by Michael Mueller and Mathias Lauer. It is based on an asymmetric configuration of Venus Express's solar panels: positioned with an angle of 90 degrees between each other, one of the panels is perpendicular to the incoming flow, whereas the other sees it edge on. In this arrangement, the spacecraft experiences a torque moment, or twisting force: as the atmosphere causes it to turn, the internal reaction wheels compensate for the twist, keeping the spacecraft at the right attitude - in other words, they keep it pointed in the right direction. The torque is not directly observed, but it is recorded by the on board instrumentation and translated into an estimate of the density of the atmosphere.

"By monitoring the torque exerted by the atmosphere on Venus Express, we can achieve density measurements with unprecedented sensitivity. Instead of measuring only an average value, we can now reconstruct the altitude density profile of the entire segment of atmosphere through which the spacecraft is flying," explains Svedhem.

Drag campaigns are possible thanks to Venus Express's highly eccentric orbit, which has an apocentre distance of about 66,000 kilometres, but gets as close as 250 kilometres to the planet's surface when at pericentre. It is around the pericentre that the spacecraft starts to dip into the atmosphere and experience a drag effect. However, at an altitude of 250 kilometres the atmosphere is not dense enough to produce a significant, and thus measurable effect. In order to perform the measurements, the pericentre is lowered, for a few days, to an altitude below 200 kilometres, where the denser atmosphere produces a more significant effect, and then it is raised again.

"When Venus Express is close to pericentre, it experiences the drag for about 6 minutes," says Pascal Rosenblatt from the Royal Observatory of Belgium, who led the effort to measure the atmospheric density during the VExADE campaigns. "During the campaigns, which last for a few consecutive days, extensive radio tracking of the spacecraft is performed, in order to reconstruct its orbit as precisely as possible and to disentangle the drag effect from gravitational effects and other forces," he explains.

Venus Express has a polar orbit with its pericentre almost precisely above the planet's North Pole, hence its drag measurements provide a direct estimate of the atmospheric density in this region. Previous in-situ measurements of Venus' atmosphere, conducted in the 1980s and 1990s by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) and the Magellan missions, focussed on the equatorial regions, instead. The extensive data from PVO and Magellan have been used to construct models for the upper atmosphere of Venus which are now challenged by the latest measurements obtained by Venus Express at the North Pole.

"The value we measured is significantly lower than expected, by about 60 per cent," says VExADE team leader Ingo Mueller-Wodarg from Imperial College, London. The existing models, however, rely on previous data and predict the polar atmospheric density from the values measured at equatorial latitudes, assuming a symmetry with solar zenith angle. "The discrepancy shows that the simple, symmetric assumption underlying these models is not entirely correct, and that the behaviour of Venus' atmosphere at this altitude at the North Pole is different from that at the Equator," adds Mueller-Wodarg. The reason for such a discrepancy is still unclear, although it is suspected that winds might play a significant role. An additional factor may be due to the fact that the Sun was very active during the Pioneer Venus measurements, whereas VExADE has been conducted during a period of low solar activity.

The two methods, focussing respectively on the drag and torque imprinted by the atmosphere on Venus Express, represent two independent techniques to probe the atmospheric density of the planet. "The agreement between the measurements achieved via the two different methods is an outstanding result," comments Svedhem.

In order to acquire the scientific data in a safe way, atmospheric drag campaigns have to be executed in an operationally cautious manner. Once the spacecraft is low enough to experience drag, safety considerations come into play. "We have to understand the effects on the spacecraft stability or the change in thermal heat caused by its interaction with the atmosphere, and whether it is necessary to prepare contingency escape manoeuvres," explains Octavio Camino, Venus Express Spacecraft Operations Manager.

The operations team need to know how low they can safely take the spacecraft. Using the reaction wheels to measure torques has been demonstrated to be a fast, accurate and reliable approach in the upper layers of the atmosphere. This will, however, not be sufficient if Venus Express ever tries to fly deeper into the atmosphere. "At the moment we have just begun to approach the dense layers of the atmosphere and to have a first sense of the conditions there. It is a careful, step-wise procedure: every day's measurements help us in planning our next move," adds Camino.

The new procedures implemented by the operations team are extremely helpful in developing expertise in light of future aerobraking manoeuvres - a complex procedure employing the planet's atmosphere to modify the spacecraft's orbit - as ESA is investigating the possibility to conduct such operations at Venus in the future.


http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=47798
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Offline jacqmans

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Re: ESA - Venus Express updates
« Reply #30 on: 10/06/2011 02:54 pm »
ESA finds that Venus has an ozone layer too

6 October 2011

ESA’s Venus Express spacecraft has discovered an ozone layer high in the atmosphere of Venus. Comparing its properties with those of the equivalent layers on Earth and Mars will help astronomers refine their searches for life on other planets.

http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMU3N9U7TG_index_0.html
Jacques :-)

Offline bolun

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Re: ESA - Venus Express updates
« Reply #31 on: 02/10/2012 12:32 pm »
Could Venus be shifting gear?

10 February 2012

ESA’s Venus Express spacecraft has discovered that our cloud-covered neighbour spins a little slower than previously measured. Peering through the dense atmosphere in the infrared, the orbiter found surface features were not quite where they should be.
 
Using the VIRTIS instrument at infrared wavelengths to penetrate the thick cloud cover, scientists studied surface features and discovered that some were displaced by up to 20 km from where they should be given the accepted rotation rate as measured by NASA’s Magellan orbiter in the early 1990s.

These detailed measurements from orbit are helping scientists determine whether Venus has a solid or liquid core, which will help our understanding of the planet’s creation and how it evolved. 

http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEM0TLSXXXG_index_0.html

Offline bolun

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Re: ESA - Venus Express updates
« Reply #32 on: 03/08/2012 03:25 pm »
http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMR5Z7YBZG_index_0.html

Quote
The Venus Express spacecraft, now orbiting Venus and much closer to the Sun than Earth, was affected by the radiation on 7 March.

The startracker cameras that help Venus Express measure its position and orientation in space were ‘blinded’ starting at 01:41 GMT.

"The Mission Control Team has taken the startrackers out of service and is maintaining the spacecraft's attitude using gyroscopes until the solar effects fade," says Octavio Camino, Venus Express Spacecraft Operations Manager at ESA’s European Space Operations Centre in Darmstadt, Germany.

Offline bolun

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Re: ESA - Venus Express updates
« Reply #33 on: 03/09/2012 04:37 pm »
From http://twitter.com/#!/esaoperations
Quote
ESA Operations@esaoperations
#Venusexpress #startrackers were back functioning as of this AM at 03:25 UT


Offline racshot65

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Re: ESA - Venus Express updates
« Reply #34 on: 03/10/2012 10:27 am »
Report No. 241 – Nominal operations; solar eclipse; Earth occultation season #12

http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=50121


Report 242 – End of Earth occultation season #12; start of Atmospheric Drag Experiment campaign #7

http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=50122

Offline bolun

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Re: ESA - Venus Express updates
« Reply #35 on: 03/16/2012 10:58 am »
Solar flares over, Venus Express restarts science investigations
 
16 March 2012

ESA’s Venus Express spacecraft has returned to routine operation after its startracker cameras were temporarily blinded last week by radiation from a pair of large solar flares.

http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Operations/SEM402BYLZG_0.html

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Re: ESA - Venus Express updates
« Reply #36 on: 03/23/2012 06:04 pm »
Report No. 243 – Atmospheric Drag Experiment campaign #7 and pericentre raising

http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=50199

Offline bolun

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Re: ESA - Venus Express updates
« Reply #37 on: 04/05/2012 08:21 pm »
A magnetic surprise for Venus Express

05 Apr 2012

Venus is a rarity among planets - a world that does not internally generate a magnetic field. Despite the absence of a large protective magnetosphere, the near-Venus environment does exhibit a number of similarities with planets such as Earth. The latest, surprising, example is the evidence for magnetic reconnection in Venus' induced magnetotail.

 http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=50246

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Re: ESA - Venus Express updates
« Reply #38 on: 05/05/2012 09:41 am »
No. 244 – Start of the twentieth solar eclipse season and start of quadrature operations

http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=50318

Offline bolun

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Re: ESA - Venus Express updates
« Reply #39 on: 05/17/2012 04:08 pm »
Venus Express unearths new clues to the planet's geological history

16 May 2012

ESA's Venus Express has been used to study the geology in a region near Venus' equator. Using near-infrared observations collected by the Venus Monitoring Camera (VMC), scientists have found evidence that the planet's rugged highlands are scattered with geochemically more evolved rocks, rather than the basaltic rocks of the volcanic plains. This finding is in agreement with previous studies, which used data from the spacecraft's Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS) to map the planet's surface in the southern hemisphere.

http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=50378

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