Historical Artificial Gravity - references and documents

[leovinus]

To add some historical background to ongoing discussions here is thread with a focus on old reports, documents, overviews, seminal works. This covers the spectrum from human factors in space to stability of space station, all with a common denominator of artificial gravity and rotations. In other words, the Human Factors of space stations, rotations, gravity, Coriolis, etc, as well the historical reports on engineering and stability aspects of rotating space stations. From the 1950s and later. This thread might answer some of the "has this been studied before?" questions, or "at what RPM do people get sick?" as well as "Is a rotating station stable?". It might also lead to new questions on what should be done different todo aka 60 years later.

This list is mostly NASA/USAF sourced but feel free to add the Soviet and other sources as well. Please add you articles and reference works on anything related.

Probably best to do discussion of the material in the relevant, recent threads and keep the references here. Threads that come to mind are:
Artificial Gravity Testbeds
Largest Plausible / Realistic Rotating Space Station
Realistic, near-term, rotating Space Station

- "Human Performance During Two Weeks in a Room Rotating at Three PRM", Guedry et al, Nov 1964, NTRS 19640005435

The principal finding of this experiment was that no serious disturbance of a psychological or physiological nature was encountered during the two weeksof rotation and during the subsequent recovery period.

- "Human Performance During Adaptation to Stress in the Pensacola Slow Rotation Room", Clark et al, 1961
https://www.spacemedicineassociation.org/download/history/history_files_1961/32020093-1.pdf
https://jrnms.bmj.com/content/50/1/7

- "ROTATING SPACE STATION STABILIZATION CRITERIA FOR ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY", NTRS 19690029825, TN D-5426 by Carl A. Larson, October 1969

1. The constant-magnitude-and-direction centrifugal force-field, normally associated with constant rotation about an axis, transforms into a field of complex, oscillatory magnitude-and-frequency characteristics when a space station exhibits disturbed rotational motion.
2. Man's physiological tolerances and range of adaptability to rotation can be utilized to derive space-station configurational and operational criteria for artificial gravity.

-"EFFECTS OF MASS-LOADING VARIATIONS AND APPLIED MOMENTS ON MOTION AND CONTROL OF A MANNED ROTATING SPACE VEHICLE" William D. Grantham TN D-803 NTRS 20040008130 , January 1966

Results obtained indicate that the shifting of masses within the rotating space station could bring about large roll oscillations (+looo) or even continuous rolling motions if the craft is rotating about the axis of intermediate moment of inertia.

- "Astronautics", attached, had a special issue on space stations in September 1962 which includes
   * Dynamics and Stabilization of the rotating Space station, Kurzhals et al, p25
   * To spin or not to spin? , Lally p56

- DYNAMICS OF A ROTATING CYLINDRICAL SPACE STATION
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19650011280/downloads/19650011280.pdf

- Rotating Space Station Stabilization Criteria for Artificial Gravity
Volume 5426 By Carl Alfred Larson · 1969
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19690029825/downloads/19690029825.pdf

- A passive pendulum wobble damping system for the nasa 21 man rotating space station. NTRS 19650052930
Passive wobble damping system with pendulum damper designed for manned rotating space station
https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/6.1965-1126

- Space station stabilization and control study Final engineering report NTRS 19660021006
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19660021006

- From ProjectRho
http://www.projectrho.com/public_html/rocket/artificialgrav.php
http://www.projectrho.com/public_html/rocket/artificialgrav.php#id--Problems_with_Spin_Grav
http://www.projectrho.com/public_html/rocket/artificialgrav.php#id--Spin_Grav_Types

[leovinus]

Here more on the human factors. There was a symposium series "the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration" which are mostly on NTRS and they cover many, many questions.

The Role of the Vestibular Organs in the Exploration of Space
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19660006817
includes
   The effects of exposure to a rotating environment /10 rpm/ on four aviators for a period of 12 days https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19660006843
   Stepwise adaptation to a velocity of 10 rpm in the Pensacola Slow Rotation Room https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19660006844
   The nature of adaptation to oscillatory rotation https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19660006827
   Space-based centrifuge https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19660006835
   Physiological design criteria for artificial gravity environments in manned space systems https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19660006838
   Vestibular problems in rotating spacecraft https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19660006840
   Observations on subjects exposed to prolonged rotation in a space station simulator https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19660006842
   etc
   
Second Symposium on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration 19670005792
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19670005792
includes
   Russian experience of problems in vestibular physiology related to the space environment https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19670005793
   Problems of man's adaptation to the lunar environment https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19670005795
   etc
   
Third Symposium on The Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19680019656
includes
   Orbital space stations with artificial gravity https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19680019657
   Transfer of habituation on change in body position between vertical and horizontal in a rotating environment
    https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19680019658
   etc

Fourth Symposium on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19700021388
includes
   Experimental studies of the eliciting mechanism of motion sickness https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19700021389
   Neural mechanisms underlying the symptomatology of motion sickness https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19700021391
   etc
   
Fifth Symposium on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19740010641
includes
   The space station: Key to living in space https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19740010642
   An overview of artificial gravity https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19740010644
   Space station capability for research in rotational hypogravity https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19740010646
   etc

[leovinus]

What else is there on NTRS? Here is a short list. The ones with "archive.org" you can retrieve there with the NTRS number. Other are not public yet AFAIK.

19620000335, THE APPEARANCE OF COMPENSATORY NYSTAGMUS IN HUMAN SUBJECTS AS A CONDITIONED RESPONSE DURING ADAPTATION TO A CONTINUOUSLY ROTATING ENVIRONMENT, 1962,
19620004924, A REPORT ON THE RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF MANNED ROTATING SPACECRAFT, 1962,
19630032380, ROTATING MANNED SPACECRAFT, 1962,
19660069506, Saturn launch vehicle Apollo extension system experiment integration study. Volume III - Artificial gravity by rotating a flexibly coupled space station, 1965,
19690029825, Rotating space station stabilization criteria for artificial gravity", "1969-10-01", archive.org
19630008299, A SIMPLE ENVIRONMENTAL CHAMBER FOR ROTATING-BEAM FATIGUE TESTING MACHINES, 1963,
19640005435, Human performance during two weeks in a room rotating at three rpm, 1962,
19720004399, Handbook of human engineering design data for reduced gravity conditions, "1971-10-01", archive.org
19730003384, Effects of simulated artificial gravity on human performance, "1972-11-01", archive.org
19620003702, "Research into the Effects of Angular Velocity, Angular Acceleration, and Coriolis Accelerations on Healthy Persons and on Persons with Decreased or Lost Function of the Semi-Circular Canals", 1961,
19640018962", "The effects of coriolis acceleration during zero gravity flight on certain hematological and urinary and urinary in normal and labyrin- thine defective subjects report no. 2", "1964-05-19", archive.org
19660069723, The coriolis phenomenon. Study of threshold values, 1965,
19680091009, Human factors research program for the langley research center 55-foot vacuum chamber final report, 1968,
19650079523, Measurement of human performance for man-in- space, 1962,
19660072700, "Biological measurement of man in space, volume I - Biomedical and human performance program Final report", 1965,
19680091072, The measurement of general human performance in military space systems, 1964,
19680094412, A bibliography of research reports and publications in the areas of human performance and personnel subsystem test and evaluation, 1962,
19700000599, Human performance measuring device, "1970-12-01", archive.org
19730006364, Bioastronautics data book, "1973-01-01", archive.org

Also, ask NASA History division for this document

rg_11_spaceflight, 9187,SPACE FLIGHT - HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT,1970,"Wednesday, May 15, 1996",ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY EXPERIMENT,ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY EXPERIMENT,"Report of the Advanced Manned Missions Program, Office of Manned Space Flight (OMSF): ""Artificial Gravity Experiment Definition Study"". [DOCUMENT DIGITIZED, SEE ARCHIVIST FOR DOCUMENT STATUS]",MANUSCRIPTS,,SPACE STATIONS,"SPACE STATIONS, LONG DURATION SPACE FLIGHT, ZERO GRAVITY, SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, ADVANCED MANNED MISSIONS PROGRAM, MANNED SPACE FLIGHT, OFFICE OF (OMSF)"

[leovinus]

Some overview works.

- History of Research in space biology and biodynamics 1946-1958  (attached)

- NASA SP-413 Space Settlements A Design Study
http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2016/ph240/martelaro2/docs/nasa-sp-413.pdf

- International roadmap for artificial gravity research, 2017
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41526-017-0034-8

- Study of artificial gravity systems for long duration space missions, Lantin , September 2020
Include history and background in Chapter 4
https://upcommons.upc.edu/handle/2117/332507

- Artificial Gravity 2021
https://www.nasa.gov/johnson/HWHAP/artificial-gravity

[LittleBird]

I know it's too early but can I please add Noordung in 1928, in his "The Problem of Space Travel: The Rocket Motor", in part because the pictures are so gorgeous ... via NTRS: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19950015477. Detailed bibliographic info is on last grab.

[leovinus]

"Wobble Angle": Characteristics of 11 Apollo-derived Artificial-Gravity Space Station Designs (1963)
https://web.archive.org/web/20230718010849/http://spaceflighthistory.blogspot.com/2020/05/wobble-angle-11-apollo-derived.html

With the source

Project Apollo Conceptual Rotating Space Vehicle Designs Using Apollo Components for Simulation of Artificial Gravity, NASA Project Apollo Working Paper No. 1073, NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, 8 May 1963.