Author Topic: China and Russia Planning Joint Moon Base  (Read 45814 times)

Online yg1968

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Offline Greg Hullender

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Re: China and Russia Planning Joint Moon Base
« Reply #102 on: 05/29/2023 03:21 pm »
No plans to refuel in orbit, I see.

Offline VSECOTSPE

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Re: China and Russia Planning Joint Moon Base
« Reply #103 on: 05/29/2023 07:03 pm »

From the SpaceNews article:

Quote
The crewed landing plan noted by Lin is for two astronauts to conduct a six-hour stay on the lunar surface, with another crew member remaining aboard a service module in lunar orbit.

The short term stay however is linked to a longer term project. The International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) is a Chinese-led initiative which aims to construct a permanent, initially robotic moon base in the 2030s. China is currently attracting members to join an organization established to coordinate the effort, which amounts to a parallel development to the U.S.-led Artemis Program and Artemis Accords.

China’s government has yet to openly and officially approve the crewed landing project, likely because the timeline lies beyond the scope of the current Five-year Plan (2021-2025).

However a space white paper published in January 2022 stated that China will “continue studies and research on the plan for a human lunar landing… and research key technologies to lay a foundation for exploring and developing cislunar space.”

Press folks are getting hyped about a CMSA presentation and model, but the government has yet to endorse and fund the effort.  It’s the usual western-news-sources-make-hay-out-of-China’s-space-industry-in-sales-mode in the absence of any investigation into (or ability to investigate) whether the sales plan is going anywhere with the CCP.

China has had little to no success in attracting ILRS partners.  This mission only offers six hours on the surface, is likely low margin/high-risk to boot, and is a costly detour from the long-term lunar architecture CMSA has talked about.  And China is facing multiple financial pressures demographically, with Russia’s war, from US moves technologically, and from its own moves in the South China Sea.  None of that means this mission won’t happen.  But none of this helps convince the CCP to endorse and fund it, either.

Online yg1968

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Offline native chicken

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Re: China and Russia Planning Joint Moon Base
« Reply #105 on: 06/09/2023 05:35 am »

From the SpaceNews article:

Quote
The crewed landing plan noted by Lin is for two astronauts to conduct a six-hour stay on the lunar surface, with another crew member remaining aboard a service module in lunar orbit.

The short term stay however is linked to a longer term project. The International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) is a Chinese-led initiative which aims to construct a permanent, initially robotic moon base in the 2030s. China is currently attracting members to join an organization established to coordinate the effort, which amounts to a parallel development to the U.S.-led Artemis Program and Artemis Accords.

China’s government has yet to openly and officially approve the crewed landing project, likely because the timeline lies beyond the scope of the current Five-year Plan (2021-2025).

However a space white paper published in January 2022 stated that China will “continue studies and research on the plan for a human lunar landing… and research key technologies to lay a foundation for exploring and developing cislunar space.”

Press folks are getting hyped about a CMSA presentation and model, but the government has yet to endorse and fund the effort.  It’s the usual western-news-sources-make-hay-out-of-China’s-space-industry-in-sales-mode in the absence of any investigation into (or ability to investigate) whether the sales plan is going anywhere with the CCP.

China has had little to no success in attracting ILRS partners.  This mission only offers six hours on the surface, is likely low margin/high-risk to boot, and is a costly detour from the long-term lunar architecture CMSA has talked about.  And China is facing multiple financial pressures demographically, with Russia’s war, from US moves technologically, and from its own moves in the South China Sea.  None of that means this mission won’t happen.  But none of this helps convince the CCP to endorse and fund it, either.
The abbreviation of China National Space Administration of China is CNSA

CASC is a state-owned enterprise. All of his senior management personnel are appointed by the CCP. If the government does not intend to initiate investment projects, they will not conduct any research or promotion related to the plan. The prerequisite for CCP to approve a project is for the applicant to provide sufficient supporting materials, budget, and action plan, and to consider approval after being reviewed by a professional technical team.

Nowadays, many national projects are funded by enterprises to develop physical products, and the government provides administrative appropriations and tax exemptions based on stage results and financial review of R&D investment. This avoids some institutions from falsely reporting research and development costs and delaying development cycles. If enterprises want to quickly obtain government money,

1. Enterprises themselves must have the funds to advance technology development
2. Technical achievements recognized by a third-party scientific expert team must be achieved
3. Delaying progress leads to an increase in cost. The consequences caused are mainly borne by the enterprise. If a company wants to get money early, it must be fast and good.

China's aerospace industry was forced to withdraw from the international commercial aerospace market more than 20 years ago.
Because the US government does not allow any satellites with US technology and components to be launched by Chinese rockets.
Therefore, today's Chinese aerospace industry has spent more than 20 years to establish a completely independent Space technology system other than the American Space technology system. Currently, the advanced technology part of this technology system only accounts for about 30% of the US technology system, while China plans to reach 80-90% of the US technology system by 2035.

According to China, the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) program has more than a dozen national space agencies coordinating communication and cooperation (about 28 national space agencies are listed globally).

I have been following the Artemis plan.
The many things that have happened around this plan make people feel stunned.

Offline VSECOTSPE

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Re: China and Russia Planning Joint Moon Base
« Reply #106 on: 06/09/2023 02:33 pm »
The abbreviation of China National Space Administration of China is CNSA

Yes, and we’re talking about the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA), not the CNSA.  These manned lunar landing comments and models have come from the CMSA.  CNSA does not do manned space flight.  CMSA does.

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If the government does not intend to initiate investment projects, they will not conduct any research or promotion related to the plan.

All kinds of governments invest in all kinds of planning and research that never goes anywhere.  China is no more exempt from bad ideas, poor management, limited resources, and Murphy’s Law than any other country.

In this particular case, we have managers at CMSA talking up a manned lunar landing by 2030, but no endorsement of that goal or their plan above them.  No CCP announcement.  No incorporation in a five-year funding plan.  No nothing outside CMSA.  It’s like having NASA talk up Apollo during the 1960s with no Kennedy speeches or congressional budgets.  Maybe the announcement and funding are coming, but until they do, we just don’t know.

Government managers talk about plans before government decision makers endorse and fund them all the time.  Just look at NASA.  How many Mars Design Reference Mission’s (DRMs) has NASA published over the years?  A half-dozen?  And how many manned Mars missions has NASA undertaken?  Zero.  How many NASA blue-ribbon panels on human space exploration beyond LEO published reports in the decades between Apollo and the VSE?  A half-dozen?  How many manned missions beyond LEO did NASA undertake during that time?  Zero.

Government manager presentations, reports, and models mean squat without endorsement at the political level and funding.  If you’re not discerning about that, you’ll waste your time following every breathless, blown-up press report about every little architecture study from overseas that went nowhere.

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Therefore, today's Chinese aerospace industry has spent more than 20 years to establish a completely independent Space technology system other than the American Space technology system. Currently, the advanced technology part of this technology system only accounts for about 30% of the US technology system, while China plans to reach 80-90% of the US technology system by 2035.

China has to do this or something like it within and outside its aerospace sector because the Western powers are restricting China’s access to the most advanced silicon chips, the tools used to design and build them, and other commanding heights technologies.  It’s not some grand plan.  It’s just the nature of international competition as we move into an era of deglobalization.

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According to China, the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) program has more than a dozen national space agencies coordinating communication and cooperation (about 28 national space agencies are listed globally).

Source?  ILRS is a CNSA project, not a CMSA project.  It’s just a handful of robotic missions to the Moon, which, while interesting, is not the same thing as a manned lunar base or station.  It’s not even clear that the robotic missions will actually operate together locally and/or in parallel as the term “station” applies.  The only two cooperating members of ILRS are CNSA and Roscosmos, and if you’ve followed the planetary science program at Roscosmos over the years, it’s obvious Roscosmos will have little to nothing to contribute.  CNSA and Roscosmos did meet on the sidelines of the IAC meeting Dubai in 9/21 with Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, Malaysia, Thailand, and UNOOSA.  But nothing came of that meeting.  It sounded like the other agencies weren’t terribly interested in the ILRS declaration proffered at that meeting, and relations, at least with the European countries, have largely been overtaken by events in Ukraine.  I’m not even sure CNSA and Roscosmos have finalized their ILRS agreement, yet.  As of 6/21, press reports said that it still wasn’t signed.  Press reports in 2022 and 2023 on ILRS don’t seem to reference Russia/Roscosmos anymore.

In the past, CNSA has worked with 20-odd international partners on its prior Chang’e lunar robotic missions, mainly instrument contributions and data-sharing arrangements.  But those agreements were specific to those prior missions.  They don’t apply to ILRS.

Offline native chicken

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Re: China and Russia Planning Joint Moon Base
« Reply #107 on: 06/10/2023 07:52 am »
All kinds of governments invest in all kinds of planning and research that never goes anywhere.  China is no more exempt from bad ideas, poor management, limited resources, and Murphy’s Law than any other country.

In this particular case, we have managers at CMSA talking up a manned lunar landing by 2030, but no endorsement of that goal or their plan above them.  No CCP announcement.  No incorporation in a five-year funding plan.  No nothing outside CMSA.  It’s like having NASA talk up Apollo during the 1960s with no Kennedy speeches or congressional budgets.  Maybe the announcement and funding are coming, but until they do, we just don’t know.

Government managers talk about plans before government decision makers endorse and fund them all the time.  Just look at NASA.  How many Mars Design Reference Mission’s (DRMs) has NASA published over the years?  A half-dozen?  And how many manned Mars missions has NASA undertaken?  Zero.  How many NASA blue-ribbon panels on human space exploration beyond LEO published reports in the decades between Apollo and the VSE?  A half-dozen?  How many manned missions beyond LEO did NASA undertake during that time?  Zero.

Government manager presentations, reports, and models mean squat without endorsement at the political level and funding.  If you’re not discerning about that, you’ll waste your time following every breathless, blown-up press report about every little architecture study from overseas that went nowhere.
I would like to say that the Chinese government's rules for investing in large-scale special projects are different from those of other countries. The source of funding is much more complex than you imagine. It is difficult to access from early information. The early special funds of the country were only a part, or what you see and hear is only a small part of them.
The scale of China's aerospace investment in the moon over the next 20 years, if calculated based on purchasing power parity, should not be much less than the United States' Artemis plan.
In 2019, literature related to lunar bases mentioned that the long-term investment scale was 1000B (trillions) RMB. In 2021, literature mentioned that the investment in CZ9 alone is close to RMB 100B (with a purchasing power of approximately $25-30 billion).
Another thing, you may not know that there was a big real estate asset foam in China in 2017, which has been defusing since then, but it has not been completely resolved yet. The emergence of this crisis has prompted senior Chinese government officials to reflect on the way they guide capital investment. It is now clear that in the future, funds will not be used recklessly in areas prone to asset bubble inflation. Instead, more funds will be used to promote science and technology, including new energy, next-generation manufacturing, biotechnology, chips, and many other categories. Aerospace technology is also one of them (in fact, this is the practice of the U.S. government in the 1950s and 1970s. In China's Political economy research, the macroeconomic behavior of the U.S. government may be different from your daily understanding). The Chinese government has realized that it is better to let more failed innovations consume a large amount of surplus capital than to let a large amount of surplus capital control society.

Quote
China has to do this or something like it within and outside its aerospace sector because the Western powers are restricting China’s access to the most advanced silicon chips, the tools used to design and build them, and other commanding heights technologies.  It’s not some grand plan.  It’s just the nature of international competition as we move into an era of deglobalization.

Regarding technology embargoes, especially chips, you probably don't know that most people in China are happy to see them. Why? In fact, it is very simple. The Chinese people have always had a self-awareness that since ancient times, China has been a populous and technological country. The Chinese have always been one of the strongest races on this planet.
China has a century of humiliation, which was an accident. The Chinese ruling class made a series of mistakes, causing other foreign ethnic groups to bring China to hell and almost completely perish. But in the end, China found the opportunity to stand up again. Over the past few decades, China has gradually regained its current position. Do you think Chinese people will develop strong confidence?
So, compared to the hardships China has suffered before, the technology embargo imposed by Western countries has done little harm to China. The current positive cycle of industrial clusters and scientific research in China has been established, and there is no shortage of industrial research funds. You know that the number of employees in China's integrated circuit industry is higher than that of the United States (China is now close to 700K, the United States had about 700K+at the beginning of this century, and now seems to be 400-500K), and it is also higher than other countries in the world. The key is that currently, only China has long-term and large-scale training of various industry talents related to electronic design (tens of thousands of professionals annually, plus an estimated 150K+in related fields). The design and production of downstream integrated circuit products require the most software and hardware talents and industrial support in the world, with China having the largest number. Other countries require 10 or even 20 years of continuous cultivation and large-scale investment to catch up. If China consumes fewer chips from the United States and Europe in consumer electronics applications, practitioners in these industries will face the risk of losing money and going bankrupt. China is currently unable to mass produce chips below 14nm. But the production and manufacturing equipment of chips above 14nm are not a big problem. More than 90% of the chips on the market are 28nm. Do you understand? So China is not worried about US chip sanctions, it will only make China stronger. If the United States does not sanction China, it will be difficult for China's related industries to develop, because if sanctioned, all technology lines will have opportunities for development. So there is a saying in China: China's problems are best understood by the enemy, and investing according to the US sanctions list is the most effective.
The sanctions imposed by the United States are effective for most countries in the world, even Russia. But it is not useful for China because its total population is more than the sum of the United States, Western Europe, and Japan. It is still a country that values science and engineering. The total number of engineering personnel in China is also sufficient. So, for China, sanctions are at most just delaying tactics and ultimately cultivating a stronger opponent. Chinese people understand this truth, so in fact, most of them welcome US sanctions.
By the way, the performance of aerospace electronic components (including integrated circuits) developed and produced in China is already similar to that of the United States. Gap between 3-5 years
A few days ago, I saw a YouTube video from Europe and America on YouTube that mentioned that China's aerospace industry has over 300K employees (CASC and CASIC companies have reached over 300K), while the United States has over 200K employees.
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Source?  ILRS is a CNSA project, not a CMSA project.  It’s just a handful of robotic missions to the Moon, which, while interesting, is not the same thing as a manned lunar base or station.  It’s not even clear that the robotic missions will actually operate together locally and/or in parallel as the term “station” applies.  The only two cooperating members of ILRS are CNSA and Roscosmos, and if you’ve followed the planetary science program at Roscosmos over the years, it’s obvious Roscosmos will have little to nothing to contribute.  CNSA and Roscosmos did meet on the sidelines of the IAC meeting Dubai in 9/21 with Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, Malaysia, Thailand, and UNOOSA.  But nothing came of that meeting.  It sounded like the other agencies weren’t terribly interested in the ILRS declaration proffered at that meeting, and relations, at least with the European countries, have largely been overtaken by events in Ukraine.  I’m not even sure CNSA and Roscosmos have finalized their ILRS agreement, yet.  As of 6/21, press reports said that it still wasn’t signed.  Press reports in 2022 and 2023 on ILRS don’t seem to reference Russia/Roscosmos anymore.

In the past, CNSA has worked with 20-odd international partners on its prior Chang’e lunar robotic missions, mainly instrument contributions and data-sharing arrangements.  But those agreements were specific to those prior missions.  They don’t apply to ILRS.
You have an incorrect understanding of the ILRS project. ILRS is a part of the early stages of China's lunar base project. ILRS itself is positioned as a temporary manned lunar base. His first phase was the application of unmanned/robotic technology, and then transitioned to the manned phase (where the lunar surface remained for 1-3 months). After ILRS, there will be long-term or permanent lunar bases, which is the story after 2040.
ILRS is actually a product of CNSA's response to the European International Lunar Village Program from 2015 to 2016. At first, Europe proposed the Moon Village, and China was very interested in participating in the construction of this plan to reflect the value of China's space, while also attempting to break the US blockade on China's space. It was later discovered that after the United States terminated the Constellation program, the European Moon Village could not be implemented independently. It is not in China's own interest to continue promoting the European Moon Village. So China has changed its participation in the European Moon Village Program to its own led ILRS.
The launch of the Artemis plan was actually a rapid response by the United States after realizing that China could lead a return to the moon. This European space journalist mentioned in the space media that if the United States does not take action again, China may lead the lunar landing with Europe and Russia.
The important purpose of the establishment of Artemis by the United States is to establish an alliance in the field of lunar space to prevent China from gaining leadership, as the United States believes that this would harm its leadership in the space industry.
The true leader of ILRS should be China. Russia is a participant, and in the eyes of the Chinese people, Russia's space capabilities have long declined. No money, no people, no projects, no development. The role of Russia in ILRS is to use ILRS projects to rediscover internal funding, gradually restore and rebuild its abandoned capabilities. Russia's weakness is not in China's interest.
Various important foreign cooperation projects in China have China's backup plan, which assumes that the other party may encounter unexpected accidents during the project implementation due to various reasons. The core project led by China cannot abandon the project or terminate its development due to the abandonment of partners. China's choice is always to switch directly to alternative solutions. A well-known example is China's participation in the Galileo Global Navigation System. When China realized that it had invested a lot and its position in the project could not be compared to other small countries that did not contribute money (South Korea or which country), it directly made the Beidou navigation system the main plan and gave up cooperation with Galileo navigation systems.
So, in the eyes of Chinese people, Russia's participation represents an equal and friendly attitude between two countries. For China, equal and fair participant status is more important than technology itself. Rather than relying on the other party's technical support, the representative must be subject to additional constraints beyond the other party's technology. For example, in the story of the Galileo navigation system, the Chinese believe that they are being subjected to targeted discrimination and are not being respected. You need to have this understanding in order to understand China's positioning of partners in ILRS. There are many levels of cooperation in China's ILRS, among which Russia is considered the most capable and autonomous. Although Russia's space capabilities have declined, among the major space powers in the world, Russia is basically capable of surpassing the entire European Space Agency and the Japanese Space Agency.
ILRS partners are definitely not as many as Artemis in the short term. China has not yet proven its capabilities, and most countries have seen the achievements of the United States in space technology, but China is actually not strong in this area. So, when Artemis had exclusivity clauses (if I remember correctly, the exclusive target was China), it was difficult for China to find other high-level players besides Russia, which is a fact. However, apart from the six major aerospace countries/institutions (NASA/CNSA/RFSA/ESA/JAXA/ISRO), the strength of other countries' aerospace institutions can already be ignored. This, like sports competitions, is all about participating (sharing costs).

Offline yuebai

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Re: China and Russia Planning Joint Moon Base
« Reply #108 on: 06/10/2023 09:10 am »
well, it is hard to let foreigners  know cnsa is just publicize organ, it is very different with nasa
and CMSA isnt official name now ,official name is CMSEO
and that is very regret when you talk about Chinese space project,it is so easy to became politicalization

Online yg1968

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Re: China and Russia Planning Joint Moon Base
« Reply #109 on: 07/27/2023 01:39 pm »
China's new moon rocket could launch as soon as 2027:
https://www.space.com/china-new-rocket-progress-astronaut-moon-mission

Offline deadman1204

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Re: China and Russia Planning Joint Moon Base
« Reply #110 on: 07/27/2023 02:46 pm »
well, it is hard to let foreigners  know cnsa is just publicize organ, it is very different with nasa
and CMSA isnt official name now ,official name is CMSEO
and that is very regret when you talk about Chinese space project,it is so easy to became politicalization
I guess I'm not totally sure what you Mean Yuebai. Could you please explain it more?

Thanks

Offline JohnFornaro

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Re: China and Russia Planning Joint Moon Base
« Reply #111 on: 07/28/2023 12:45 pm »
To the OP:

In today's environment, it makes sense that China and Russia would cooperate.

As a poster above mentioned, they would be still subject to Murphy's law.
Sometimes I just flat out don't get it.

Offline native chicken

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Re: China and Russia Planning Joint Moon Base
« Reply #112 on: 09/24/2023 07:56 am »
The latest literature on China's lunar landing program
The biggest highlight is the Chinese version of the pressurized lunar rover. There are explanations for flight parameters and various emergency considerations.
China's first lunar lander is slightly larger than the lander of the Apollo program.

Offline Steven Pietrobon

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Re: China and Russia Planning Joint Moon Base
« Reply #113 on: 09/24/2023 08:25 am »
Some images from the papers.
Akin's Laws of Spacecraft Design #1:  Engineering is done with numbers.  Analysis without numbers is only an opinion.

Offline Lampyridae

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Re: China and Russia Planning Joint Moon Base
« Reply #114 on: 09/26/2023 11:46 am »
Pretty old news by now:

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On 1st September 2023, Mr. CHEN Xiaodong, on behalf of CNSA, the Ambassador of Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Republic of South Africa, and Mr. Humbulani Mudau, the CEO of SANSA signed “The Memorandum of Understanding on International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) Cooperation Between China National Space Administration (CNSA) and South African National Space Agency (SANSA)”. The signed MoU marks South Africa’s formal entry into China’s ILRS program.

Under the MoU, China and South Africa will cooperate extensively on demonstration, mission implementation, operation and application, education and training of the ILRS. In addition, under the cooperation framework of BRICS Remote Sensing Satellite Constellation, China’s and South Africa’s space agencies carried out cooperations on remote sensing data exchange and application, and satellite ground stations.

On the 25th anniversary of diplomatic relations establishment between China and South Africa, South Africa’s formal entry of ILRS Cooperation indicates that China-South Africa cooperation has been extended from near-earth space to the moon and deep space beyond. It plays a significant role in boosting technology advances and building a high-standard community with a shared future for China and South Africa.

https://www.sansa.org.za/2023/09/08/south-africa-joins-chinas-international-lunar-research-station/

Basically, our main contribution is our ground stations. If we're lucky, we might provide a cubesat or an experiment package.
« Last Edit: 09/26/2023 11:47 am by Lampyridae »

Offline yuebai

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Re: China and Russia Planning Joint Moon Base
« Reply #115 on: 09/26/2023 01:29 pm »
well, it is hard to let foreigners  know cnsa is just publicize organ, it is very different with nasa
and CMSA isnt official name now ,official name is CMSEO
and that is very regret when you talk about Chinese space project,it is so easy to became politicalization
I guess I'm not totally sure what you Mean Yuebai. Could you please explain it more?

Thanks

The way of understanding NASA should not be used to understand CNSA, as CNSA often operates as a propaganda agency rather than a powerful institution. It is impolite and inaccurate to understand China's space agency in the same way as NASA. CMSA is also not an official name, as the official name is CMSEO.

My English is very poor, this paragraph was written using machine translation, I hope you can understand me this time

Online yg1968

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Online sdsds

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Re: China and Russia Planning Joint Moon Base
« Reply #117 on: 03/05/2024 10:40 pm »
The way of understanding NASA should not be used to understand CNSA, as CNSA often operates as a propaganda agency rather than a powerful institution. It is impolite and inaccurate to understand China's space agency in the same way as NASA. CMSA is also not an official name, as the official name is CMSEO.

Thank you for your effort to express this; it is well written and understandable by native speakers of English.

Can you confirm if the name has changed from CMSA to China Manned Space Engineering Office or from CMSEO to China Manned Space Agency?

http://en.cmse.gov.cn/management/cmsa/ currently shows "CMSA."

Also, can you confirm that with either name it is currently overseen by the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China?
— 𝐬𝐝𝐒𝐝𝐬 —

Offline VSECOTSPE

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Re: China and Russia Planning Joint Moon Base
« Reply #118 on: Today at 01:14 pm »

Foreign cooperation still going nowhere fast…

Quote
China adds new moon base project partners, but struggles to attract national-level participation

China continues to add new members to its International Lunar Research Station initiative, but many of these are subnational, suggesting issues attracting partners.

The latest development saw the Asociación de Astronomía de Colombia (ASASAC) sign a memorandum of understanding on cooperation on the ILRS with China’s Deep Space Exploration Laboratory (DSEL) earlier this month. DSEL announced the agreement March 27.

Kyrgyzstan’s Arabaev Kyrgyz State University signed an MoU in early March. PT Universal Satelit Indonesia (UniSat) signed up in December. These are the latest in a line of subnational or non-governmental entities—such as firms, universities and astronomical associations—that have signed MoUs with DSEL. Others include the University of Sharjah of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Hawaii’s International Lunar Observatory Association (ILOA).

“China seems to face more difficulties than expected in bringing partners on board its ILRS program. Including civilian associations and universities likely reflects a lack of better alternatives,” Marc Julienne, head of China research at the French Institute of International Relations (IFRI), told SpaceNews.

Julienne further notes that China signed a cooperation agreement on ILRS with only one country: Egypt. It has signed Memorandums of Understanding with only two states, South Africa and Pakistan, while it signed lower-level “joint statements on cooperation” with Venezuela, Belarus and Azerbaijan.

https://spacenews.com/china-adds-new-moon-base-project-partners-but-struggles-to-attract-national-level-participation/

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