Author Topic: EM Drive Developments - related to space flight applications - Thread 2  (Read 3314651 times)

Offline Star One

  • Senior Member
  • *****
  • Posts: 13982
  • UK
  • Liked: 3968
  • Likes Given: 220
Thanks I must have missed that.

If anything does come of this they better well shield the drives otherwise flying low enough you're going to risk knocking out everyone's electronic systems.
« Last Edit: 05/18/2015 11:30 am by Star One »

Offline txdrive

  • Member
  • Posts: 48
  • Liked: 47
  • Likes Given: 14
If I did the calculation right, a volume change of ~125 litres would be needed to account for this apparent weight change, due to thermal ballooning of a sealed volume. That's far too high a change in volume that could be reasonably expected, so it can't be the whole story.  Did I calculate this right?
air density = 4*10-4 Kg/m3
1 litre weights about 1.2 grams, or 12 mN . Heated up by 10 degrees Kelvin it expands by about 1/30 , resulting in buoyancy of approximately 12/30 = 0.4 mN . Definitely enough to make an experiment inaccurate (4mN from 10 litres), albeit probably less than thermal and electromagnetic effects in cabling (which is basically impossible to estimate). edit: also, vibrations of something asymmetric in air should result in a force, which is also difficult to estimate.

The only thing he can do with cabling as it is, is see if it replicates turned upside down, with some accuracy (~5% for example), but gives a small result sideways, without excessive fiddling. But it probably won't even if the effect is there because of all the classical forces. To get any sort of conclusive validation you need some precision.
« Last Edit: 05/18/2015 12:51 pm by txdrive »

Offline TheTraveller

If I did the calculation right, a volume change of ~125 litres would be needed to account for this apparent weight change, due to thermal ballooning of a sealed volume. That's far too high a change in volume that could be reasonably expected, so it can't be the whole story.  Did I calculate this right?
air density = 4*10-4 Kg/m3
1 litre weights about 1.2 grams, or 12 mN . Heated up by 10 degrees Kelvin it expands by about 1/30 , resulting in buoyancy of approximately 12/30 = 0.4 mN . Definitely enough to make an experiment inaccurate (4mN from 10 litres), albeit probably less than thermal and electromagnetic effects in cabling (which is basically impossible to estimate).

The only thing he can do with cabling as it is, is see if it replicates turned upside down, with some accuracy (~5% for example), without excessive fiddling. But it probably won't even if the effect is there because of all the classical forces.

Would you agree drilling 6 x 1 mm diameter equally spaced holes around the circumference at both ends of the frustum wall, say 5 mm away from the end plates, and the same around the frustum middle would eliminate any buoyancy or hot air jet false positives?
« Last Edit: 05/18/2015 12:54 pm by TheTraveller »
It Is Time For The EmDrive To Come Out Of The Shadows

Offline Rodal

  • Senior Member
  • *****
  • Posts: 5911
  • USA
  • Liked: 6124
  • Likes Given: 5564
If I did the calculation right, a volume change of ~125 litres would be needed to account for this apparent weight change, due to thermal ballooning of a sealed volume. That's far too high a change in volume that could be reasonably expected, so it can't be the whole story.  Did I calculate this right?
air density = 4*10-4 Kg/m3
1 litre weights about 1.2 grams, or 12 mN . Heated up by 10 degrees Kelvin it expands by about 1/30 , resulting in buoyancy of approximately 12/30 = 0.4 mN . Definitely enough to make an experiment inaccurate (4mN from 10 litres), albeit probably less than thermal and electromagnetic effects in cabling (which is basically impossible to estimate).

The only thing he can do with cabling as it is, is see if it replicates turned upside down, with some accuracy (~5% for example), without excessive fiddling. But it probably won't even if the effect is there because of all the classical forces.

Would you agree drilling 6 x 1 mm diameter equally spaced holes around the circumference at both ends of the frustum wall, say 5 mm away from the end plates, and the same around the frustum middle would eliminate any buoyancy or hot air jet false positives?

I wouldn't assume that IMHO, on the basis that the Ph.D. thesis that Shawyer uses as his only reference on radiation pressure measurements (Dr. Cullen's thesis) makes it clear that Cullen had to use a mesh as follows to eliminate air effects that have plagued these experiments since Maxwell's times:



"drilling 6 x 1 mm diameter equally spaced holes around the circumference at both ends of the frustum wall, say 5 mm away from the end plates" may not be enough if the intent of the holes is to really eliminate a false positive.

It is puzzling to a researcher's mind that Shawyer uses Cullen as his only reference for radiation pressure from closed frustum cavities, when Cullen only used open waveguides with constant cross section in his pressure experiments, yet Shawyer apparently ignores Cullen's prescription on the need for a wired mesh to eliminate gas effects.
« Last Edit: 05/18/2015 02:21 pm by Rodal »

Offline TheTraveller

If I did the calculation right, a volume change of ~125 litres would be needed to account for this apparent weight change, due to thermal ballooning of a sealed volume. That's far too high a change in volume that could be reasonably expected, so it can't be the whole story.  Did I calculate this right?
air density = 4*10-4 Kg/m3
1 litre weights about 1.2 grams, or 12 mN . Heated up by 10 degrees Kelvin it expands by about 1/30 , resulting in buoyancy of approximately 12/30 = 0.4 mN . Definitely enough to make an experiment inaccurate (4mN from 10 litres), albeit probably less than thermal and electromagnetic effects in cabling (which is basically impossible to estimate).

The only thing he can do with cabling as it is, is see if it replicates turned upside down, with some accuracy (~5% for example), without excessive fiddling. But it probably won't even if the effect is there because of all the classical forces.

Would you agree drilling 6 x 1 mm diameter equally spaced holes around the circumference at both ends of the frustum wall, say 5 mm away from the end plates, and the same around the frustum middle would eliminate any buoyancy or hot air jet false positives?

I wouldn't assume that IMHO, on the basis that the Ph.D. thesis that Shawyer uses as his only reference on radiation pressure measurements (Dr. Cullen's thesis) makes it clear that Cullen had to use a mesh as follows to eliminate air effects that have plagued these experiments since Maxwell's times:



"drilling 6 x 1 mm diameter equally spaced holes around the circumference at both ends of the frustum wall, say 5 mm away from the end plates" would not be enough

It is puzzling to a researcher's mind that Shawyer uses Cullen as his only reference for radiation pressure from closed frustum cavities, when Cullen only used open waveguides with constant cross section in his pressure experiments, while Shawyer apparently ignores Cullen's prescription on the need for a wired mesh to eliminate gas effects.

18 holes, 1mm diameter = 14.2mm^2 of total air hole area to allow the internally heat air to not cause buoyancy or hot air gas jet false positives. Much simpler than the Cullen grid. As engineer, the rule is KISS.

Don't see how this relates to what EW, Shawyer and the Chinese did. None of those used the Cullen grid you are suggesting, so why bash Shawyer for not using it and not the others?

BTW in the Egan paper, could you please show me where he factors in the constantly changing cutoff wavelength, guide wavelength & group velocity as the EM wave bounces from end to end in a frustum with constantly varying diameter? Really can't follow how he calcs the resonate frequency for his frustum.
 
« Last Edit: 05/18/2015 02:33 pm by TheTraveller »
It Is Time For The EmDrive To Come Out Of The Shadows

Offline Rodal

  • Senior Member
  • *****
  • Posts: 5911
  • USA
  • Liked: 6124
  • Likes Given: 5564
.....Don't see how this relates to what EW, Shawyer and the Chinese did. None of those used the Cullen grid you are suggesting, so why bash Shawyer for not using it and not the others?...
As I said, because Shawyer is the only one that uses Cullen as his only reference on pressure radiation for the unorthodox pressure radiation calculations that Shawyer uses.  Neither Prof. Yang nor NASA Eagleworks use Cullen as a reference.  Pointing out the huge inconsistency in Shawyer using as his only reference a work that explicitly does NOT use cavities but instead uses open waveguides is not bashing somebody, it is pointing out a technical inconsistency that should bother any engineer.  Engineers care about accuracy.  Engineers that make bridges care about accuracy and aerospace engineers care even more about accuracy  (because of the weight constraints in aerospace engineering, the safety factor in aerospace engineering cannot be as high as in civil engineering, hence accuracy is paramount in aerospace engineering).  It is something that referees in peer-reviewed journals point out whenever engineering papers are reviewed for publication approval in a peer-reviewed journal. Ditto for Shawyer using Cullen as a reference for what Cullen does not do (measure pressure on cavities) and ignoring Cullen's prescription on what Cullen recommends to do (to use a mesh to get rid of the gas effect).

BTW in the Egan paper, could you please show me where he factors in the constantly changing cutoff wavelength, guide wavelength & group velocity as the EM wave bounces from end to end in a frustum with constantly varying diameter? Really can't follow how he calcs the resonate frequency for his frustum.
I can't help making it any more clear than what Greg Egan did.  Greg Egan's paper is extremely clear to me, as he uses textbook material.  Concerning the cut-off wavelength and associated cut-off frequencies, they are automatically built-in in the two eigenvalue problems that Egan addresses.

When one has an exact solution like Egan, one does not have to artificially impose a cut-off condition as a side-condition.  The reason why Shawyer has to impose the cut-off condition as a side-condition is because Shawyer's solution is obviously not an exact solution.  Shawyer's solution does not satisfy the Boundary Conditions of the problem as it has been pointed out in the forum previously.

EDIT: actually even a numerical solution, for example one using the Finite Element method (which is not exact of course, but it is instead based on variational principles), satisfies the cut-off conditions automatically, they are built-in in the eigenproblem (one does not have to artificially impose cut-off conditions on the FEA, the FEA eigensolution automatically cut-off modes).


The fact that Greg Egan's solution automatically includes the cut-off condition (and not as a side-condition) in the eigenvalue problem is evident in the examples given by Egan: notice that the frequency and mode shape associated with the quantum number p=0, constant in the longitudinal direction of the truncated cone, is automatically cut-off by the eigensolution shown by Egan.  The first natural frequency in the examples shown by Egan have p>0.

First TM mode (in Greg Egan's example):


First TE mode (in Greg Egan's example):
« Last Edit: 05/18/2015 03:30 pm by Rodal »

Offline TheTraveller

I really have a problem with this Egan's explanation, attached below, which assumes all the wavelengths inside the cavity are the same length, which we know is not the case.

This theory of a simple resonance frequency, implying constant EM wavelength inside the cavity is just not correct.

This means his apparent lack of understanding of constantly varying frustum diameter, constantly altering cutoff wavelength, guide wavelength and group velocity, which are the reality, are thus not apparently modeled in his Shawyer debunking paper.

http://gregegan.customer.netspace.net.au/SCIENCE/Cavity/Simple.html
http://gregegan.customer.netspace.net.au/SCIENCE/Cavity/Cavity.html

Maybe the constantly varying wavelength inside the cavity is modeled in the full equations and ignored in his simple explanation. If so would someone please point out where they are modeled and how I can use Egan to calc the resonate frequency of my test frustum?

I desire this as a proof of the validity of the Egan calculations versus the resonate frequency I find inside my cavity. Effectively Egan has made a claim (which is his simple example is clearly wrong) and I intent to prove him right or wrong. Likewise Shawyer has made claims and I also intend to prove him right or wrong.
It Is Time For The EmDrive To Come Out Of The Shadows

Offline TheTraveller

.....Don't see how this relates to what EW, Shawyer and the Chinese did. None of those used the Cullen grid you are suggesting, so why bash Shawyer for not using it and not the others?...
As I said, because Shawyer is the only one that uses Cullen as his only reference on pressure radiation for the unorthodox pressure radiation calculations that Shawyer uses.  Neither Prof. Yang nor NASA Eagleworks use Cullen as a reference.  Pointing out the huge inconsistency in Shawyer using as his only reference a work that explicitly does NOT use cavities but instead uses open waveguides is not bashing somebody, it is pointing out a technical inconsistency that should bother any engineer.  Engineers care about accuracy.  Engineers that make bridges care about accuracy and aerospace engineers care even more about accuracy  (because of the weight constraints in aerospace engineering, the safety factor in aerospace engineering cannot be as high as in civil engineering, hence accuracy is paramount in aerospace engineering).  It is something that referees in peer-reviewed journals point out whenever engineering papers are reviewed for publication approval in a peer-reviewed journal. Ditto for Shawyer using Cullen as a reference for what Cullen does not do and ignoring Cullen's prescription on what Cullen recommends to do (to use a mesh).

BTW in the Egan paper, could you please show me where he factors in the constantly changing cutoff wavelength, guide wavelength & group velocity as the EM wave bounces from end to end in a frustum with constantly varying diameter? Really can't follow how he calcs the resonate frequency for his frustum.
I can't help making it any more clear than what Greg Egan did.  Greg Egan's paper is extremely clear to me, as he uses textbook material.  Concerning the cut-off wavelength and associated cut-off frequencies, they are automatically built-in in the two eigenvalue problems that Egan addresses.

When one has an exact solution like Egan, one does not have to artificially impose a cut-off condition as a side-condition.  The reason why Shawyer has to impose the cut-off condition as a side-condition is because Shawyer's solution is obviously not an exact solution.  Shawyer's solution does not satisfy the Boundary Conditions of the problem as it has been pointed out in the forum previously.

The fact that Greg Egan's solution automatically includes the cut-off condition (and not as a side-condition) in the eigenvalue problem is evident in the examples given by Egan: notice that the frequency and mode shape associated with the quantum number p=0, constant in the longitudinal direction of the truncated cone, is automatically cut-off by the eigensolution shown by Egan.  The first natural frequency in the examples shown by Egan have p>0.

And his exact solution to calc the resonant frequency of a frustum with spherical end plates is?
It Is Time For The EmDrive To Come Out Of The Shadows

Offline Rodal

  • Senior Member
  • *****
  • Posts: 5911
  • USA
  • Liked: 6124
  • Likes Given: 5564
...
And his exact solution to calc the resonant frequency of a frustum with spherical end plates is?
It is clearly given by Egan in here http://gregegan.customer.netspace.net.au/SCIENCE/Cavity/Cavity.html (for modes having the azimuthal quantum number m=0, but arbitrary n and p)

Egan even walks you through, step by step, examples of how to solve the eigenproblems for both the Legendre associated function and for the spherical Bessel function (there are textbooks that don't bother to walk the student through on how to solve the eigenproblem).
« Last Edit: 05/18/2015 03:13 pm by Rodal »

Offline TheTraveller

...
And his exact solution to calc the resonant frequency of a frustum with spherical end plates is?
It is clearly given by Egan in here http://gregegan.customer.netspace.net.au/SCIENCE/Cavity/Cavity.html (for modes having the azimuthal quantum number m=0, but arbitrary n and p)

Egan even walks you through, step by step, examples of how to solve the eigenproblems for both the Legendre associated function and for the spherical Bessel function (there are textbooks that don't bother to walk the student through on how to solve the eigenproblem).

Working it.
It Is Time For The EmDrive To Come Out Of The Shadows

Offline TheTraveller

Looks like a photo of Shawyer's 1st knife edge balance beam test rig with the 1st EM Drive inside a sealed Faraday Cage.

http://www.shelleys.demon.co.uk/fdec02em.htm

Screws around the box seem to align up with the holes in the various mounting plates.
« Last Edit: 05/18/2015 03:41 pm by TheTraveller »
It Is Time For The EmDrive To Come Out Of The Shadows

Offline Rodal

  • Senior Member
  • *****
  • Posts: 5911
  • USA
  • Liked: 6124
  • Likes Given: 5564
I really have a problem with this Egan's explanation, attached below, which assumes all the wavelengths inside the cavity are the same length, which we know is not the case. ...
The solution shown in http://gregegan.customer.netspace.net.au/SCIENCE/Cavity/Cavity.html has an infinite number of eigenwavelengths.

I don't understand why one would assume that in a practical situation only one eigenwavelength (or equivalently only one eigenfrequency) would take place.  I don't think that Egan implies that.  On the contrary, Cullen (the reference used by Shawyer to justify his unorthodox calculations) explicitly shows how hard it was for him in his experimental Ph.D. thesis to excite the waveguide at just one eigenfrequency, as many eigenmodes are close to each other.  Cullen shows that it was practically impossible, the best he could do was to suppress the magnitude of other eigenfrequencies to a relatively low magnitude.

The reality is the contrary of what you apparently assume, Egan in  http://gregegan.customer.netspace.net.au/SCIENCE/Cavity/Cavity.html  discusses a solution to an eigenvalue problem having an infinite number of eigenwavelengths and in reality it is very difficult to have the cavity resonate at a single pure eigenwavelength, as many eigenmodes are close to each other.  This is particularly so when one uses a magnetron !
« Last Edit: 05/18/2015 03:49 pm by Rodal »

Offline tchernik

  • Full Member
  • **
  • Posts: 274
  • Liked: 315
  • Likes Given: 641
Looks like a photo of Shawyer's 1st knife edge balance beam test rig with the 1st EM Drive inside a sealed Faraday Cage.

http://www.shelleys.demon.co.uk/fdec02em.htm

Screws around the box seem to align up with the holes in the various mounting plates.

I like this, because besides of eliminating hot air buoyancy as an explanation, by showing the device producing thrust in any direction, the logical next step for any DYI fan is to run the device fully enclosed in a Faraday cage, showing it producing thrust in any direction as well. Such setup would still be affordable for most DYI fans capable of building an Emdrive.

And from there, what's needed are vacuum tests. But those are significantly more expensive for a regular DYI fan, and would be easier done by people in universities and labs with facilities like vacuum chambers.

Offline TheTraveller

I really have a problem with this Egan's explanation, attached below, which assumes all the wavelengths inside the cavity are the same length, which we know is not the case. ...
The solution shown in http://gregegan.customer.netspace.net.au/SCIENCE/Cavity/Cavity.html has an infinite number of eigenwavelengths.

I don't understand why one would assume that in a practical situation only one eigenwavelength (or equivalently only one eigenfrequency) would take place.  I don't think that Egan implies that.  On the contrary, Cullen (the reference used by Shawyer to justify his unorthodox calculations) explicitly shows how hard it was for him in his experimental Ph.D. thesis to excite the waveguide at just one eigenfrequency, as many eigenmodes are close to each other.  Cullen shows that it was practically impossible, the best he could do was to suppress the magnitude of other eigenfrequencies to a relatively low magnitude.

The reality is the contrary of what you apparently assume, Egan in  http://gregegan.customer.netspace.net.au/SCIENCE/Cavity/Cavity.html  discusses a solution to an eigenvalue problem having an infinite number of eigenwavelengths and in reality it is very difficult to have the cavity resonate at a single pure eigenwavelength, as many eigenmodes are close to each other.  This is particularly so when one uses a magnetron !

My point was simple.

There is not constant wavelength inside the cavity as Egan incorrectly shows there is.

It Is Time For The EmDrive To Come Out Of The Shadows

Offline TheTraveller

Looks like a photo of Shawyer's 1st knife edge balance beam test rig with the 1st EM Drive inside a sealed Faraday Cage.

http://www.shelleys.demon.co.uk/fdec02em.htm

Screws around the box seem to align up with the holes in the various mounting plates.

I like this, because besides of eliminating hot air buoyancy as an explanation, by showing the device producing thrust in any direction, the logical next step for any DYI fan is to run the device fully enclosed in a Faraday cage, showing it producing thrust in any direction as well. Such setup would still be affordable for most DYI fans capable of building an Emdrive.

And from there, what's needed are vacuum tests. But those are significantly more expensive for a regular DYI fan, and would be easier done by people in universities and labs with facilities like vacuum chambers.

Yes his box is easy to pick up and turn. No fiddly bits. All nicely secured so to reduce variables.This is basically what I'm building except my scale is under the right side of the balance beam, not under the left side Faraday Caged Em Drive and I'm using a programmable frequency and output level Rf generator & Rf amp instead of a magnetron and USB digital scale. That way I know what is going into the cavity.
It Is Time For The EmDrive To Come Out Of The Shadows

Offline TheTraveller

It Is Time For The EmDrive To Come Out Of The Shadows

Offline rfmwguy

  • EmDrive Builder (retired)
  • Senior Member
  • *****
  • Posts: 2205
  • Liked: 2713
  • Likes Given: 1134
If I did the calculation right, a volume change of ~125 litres would be needed to account for this apparent weight change, due to thermal ballooning of a sealed volume. That's far too high a change in volume that could be reasonably expected, so it can't be the whole story.  Did I calculate this right?
air density = 4*10-4 Kg/m3
1 litre weights about 1.2 grams, or 12 mN . Heated up by 10 degrees Kelvin it expands by about 1/30 , resulting in buoyancy of approximately 12/30 = 0.4 mN . Definitely enough to make an experiment inaccurate (4mN from 10 litres), albeit probably less than thermal and electromagnetic effects in cabling (which is basically impossible to estimate).

The only thing he can do with cabling as it is, is see if it replicates turned upside down, with some accuracy (~5% for example), without excessive fiddling. But it probably won't even if the effect is there because of all the classical forces.

Would you agree drilling 6 x 1 mm diameter equally spaced holes around the circumference at both ends of the frustum wall, say 5 mm away from the end plates, and the same around the frustum middle would eliminate any buoyancy or hot air jet false positives?

I wouldn't assume that IMHO, on the basis that the Ph.D. thesis that Shawyer uses as his only reference on radiation pressure measurements (Dr. Cullen's thesis) makes it clear that Cullen had to use a mesh as follows to eliminate air effects that have plagued these experiments since Maxwell's times:



"drilling 6 x 1 mm diameter equally spaced holes around the circumference at both ends of the frustum wall, say 5 mm away from the end plates" would not be enough

It is puzzling to a researcher's mind that Shawyer uses Cullen as his only reference for radiation pressure from closed frustum cavities, when Cullen only used open waveguides with constant cross section in his pressure experiments, while Shawyer apparently ignores Cullen's prescription on the need for a wired mesh to eliminate gas effects.

18 holes, 1mm diameter = 14.2mm^2 of total air hole area to allow the internally heat air to not cause buoyancy or hot air gas jet false positives. Much simpler than the Cullen grid. As engineer, the rule is KISS.

Don't see how this relates to what EW, Shawyer and the Chinese did. None of those used the Cullen grid you are suggesting, so why bash Shawyer for not using it and not the others?

BTW in the Egan paper, could you please show me where he factors in the constantly changing cutoff wavelength, guide wavelength & group velocity as the EM wave bounces from end to end in a frustum with constantly varying diameter? Really can't follow how he calcs the resonate frequency for his frustum.

This grid might account for the unusual thermal signature of the large end base plate. Pardon my "warping" of the perspective to get it as close to a circle as time would permit.

This thermal pattern doesn't remind me of a concave surface pattern. It "could" be that the large base is copper-clad PC board with the "bulls eye" patern etched on the upper surface (connected to ground potential) and the bottom (outside) surface of the PC board completely copper. Perhaps this is the reason for the apparent thickness of the large base, a "suspended" pattern a few mm above the copper.

Just speculation...hope there is someone who can connect the dots. Original thermal image: https://d253pvgap36xx8.cloudfront.net/editor_uploads/1277/2015/05/06/NASA_emdrive2.jpg

Offline Rodal

  • Senior Member
  • *****
  • Posts: 5911
  • USA
  • Liked: 6124
  • Likes Given: 5564
Interesting version of the C band Flight Thruster and dimensions.

www.slideshare.net/Stellvia/emdrive-presentation-at-space-08-conference-barbican-london-presentation
Never seen this before  ???

Not a truncated cone.

What happened to the spherical waves? 

Is there an explanation to its flat sides and the departure from the conical shape ?

Offline Rodal

  • Senior Member
  • *****
  • Posts: 5911
  • USA
  • Liked: 6124
  • Likes Given: 5564
....

This grid might account for the unusual thermal signature of the large end base plate. Pardon my "warping" of the perspective to get it as close to a circle as time would permit.

This thermal pattern doesn't remind me of a concave surface pattern. It "could" be that the large base is copper-clad PC board with the "bulls eye" patern etched on the upper surface (connected to ground potential) and the bottom (outside) surface of the PC board completely copper. Perhaps this is the reason for the apparent thickness of the large base, a "suspended" pattern a few mm above the copper.

Just speculation...hope there is someone who can connect the dots. Original thermal image: https://d253pvgap36xx8.cloudfront.net/editor_uploads/1277/2015/05/06/NASA_emdrive2.jpg
Sorry, that:

https://d253pvgap36xx8.cloudfront.net/editor_uploads/1277/2015/05/06/NASA_emdrive2.jpg

is not a thermal image.  That is the result of the numerical solution using COMSOL FEA, with flat ends for the magnetic field in mode TM212.  It corresponds to the thermal losses because the thermal losses are due to induction heating from the magnetic field.

Here is the COMSOL FEA analysis of surface losses (to the left) and the thermal measurement (to the right)

« Last Edit: 05/18/2015 04:34 pm by Rodal »

Offline TheTraveller

Interesting version of the C band Flight Thruster and dimensions.

www.slideshare.net/Stellvia/emdrive-presentation-at-space-08-conference-barbican-london-presentation
Never seen this before  ???

Not a truncated cone.

What happened to the spherical waves? 

Is there an explanation to its flat sides and the departure from the conical shape ?

You did look at the superconducting device shape?

Shawyer likes to drop bread crumbs, to create a trail for those interested to follow.
It Is Time For The EmDrive To Come Out Of The Shadows

Tags:
 

Advertisement NovaTech
Advertisement Northrop Grumman
Advertisement
Advertisement Margaritaville Beach Resort South Padre Island
Advertisement Brady Kenniston
Advertisement NextSpaceflight
Advertisement Nathan Barker Photography
1